<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-4298</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Botanical Sciences]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Bot. sci]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-4298</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Botánica de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-42982023000100217</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17129/botsci.3084</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Flower morphology variation in five species of Penstemon (Plantaginaceae) displaying Hymenoptera pollination syndrome]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Variación de la morfología floral en cinco especies de Penstemon (Plantaginaceae) que muestran el síndrome de polinización de himenópteros]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Peña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rosa A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wolfe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrea D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,, Universitetet i Bergen Institutt for Biovitenskap ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bergen ]]></addr-line>
<country>Norway</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,The Ohio State University Department of Evolution Ecology and Organismal Biology]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Columbus OH]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>101</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>217</fpage>
<lpage>232</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-42982023000100217&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-42982023000100217&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-42982023000100217&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Background: Geographic distance promotes phenotypic variation by facilitating environmental distance, limiting gene flow, and exposing plants to different pollen vectors. Therefore, understanding how plant morphology changes across a geographic range improves our understanding of the drivers of morphological diversification both on a macro- and micro-evolutionary scale.  Questions:  1) How do geographic location and abiotic factors affect flower morphology between populations? 2) Is there a geographic pattern of flower morphology variation? and 3) How does yearly variation in temperature and precipitation affect flower morphology within populations?  Studied species: Penstemon albidus, P. fruticosus, P. glandulosus, P. speciosus, and P. whippleanus  Study site and dates: The continental USA, summers of 2017 and 2018  Methods: Fifty-seven populations and 496 individuals were selected at random to measure ten floral traits. Bioclimatic variables were extracted from the WorldClim database and NOAA. Linear models, partial least squares regression, Mantel tests and canonical correlation analysis were used to analyze the data.  Results:  Geographic variables alone explained a significant portion of the variation in flower morphology in two species, while in others, flower morphology did not vary despite large geographic distances. Penstemon albidus and P. whippleanus flowers increase in size from south-north, while P. glandulosus and P. speciosus exhibited an east-west increasing trend. Additionally, mean annual precipitation was the most important variable influencing P. glandulosus flower morphology.  Conclusions:  Geographic distance facilitates isolation-by-distance and isolation-by-phenology as well as abiotic differences between populations; however, other factors such as pollinators might be keeping populations morphologically homogeneous despite large geographic distance.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Antecedentes: La distancia geográfica promueve la variación fenotípica al facilitar la distancia ambiental, limitar el flujo genético y exponer las plantas a diferentes polinizadores. Por lo tanto, comprender cómo cambia la morfología de las plantas geográficamente mejora nuestra comprensión de los impulsores de la diversificación morfológica.  Preguntas:  1) ¿Cómo afectan la ubicación geográfica y los factores abióticos a la morfología floral entre las poblaciones? 2) ¿Existe un patrón geográfico de variación floral? y 3) ¿Cómo variaciones de temperatura anual y precipitación afectan a la morfología de las flores dentro de las poblaciones?  Especies de estudio: Penstemon albidus, P. fruticosus, P. glandulosus, P. speciosus y P. whippleanus.  Sitio y años de estudio:  EEUU continental, veranos de 2017 - 2018.  Métodos:  Seleccionamos 57 poblaciones y 496 individuos para medir diez rasgos florales. Las variables bioclimáticas se extrajeron de WorldClim y NOAA. Los datos se analizaron con modelos lineales, regresión de mínimos cuadrados parciales, test de Mantel y análisis de correlación canónica.  Resultados:  Las variables geográficas explicaron una porción significativa de la variación morfológica en dos especies, mientras que, en otras, la morfología de las flores no varió a pesar de grandes distancias geográficas. La precipitación media anual fue la variable más importante que influyó en la morfología de las flores de P. glandulosus.  Conclusiones: La distancia geográfica facilita el aislamiento por distancia y por fenología, así como las diferencias abióticas entre poblaciones; sin embargo, otros factores, como los polinizadores, podrían mantener las poblaciones morfológicamente homogéneas a pesar de la gran distancia geográfica.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Flower morphology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[geographic distance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[precipitation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[temperature]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Morfología floral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[distancia geográfica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[precipitación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[temperatura]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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