<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-4298</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Botanical Sciences]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Bot. sci]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-4298</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Botánica de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-42982019000400551</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17129/botsci.2299</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Damage in Cactaceae, their geographic distribution and new evidences]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Daño en Cactaceae, su distribución geográfica y nuevas evidencias]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bravo-Avilez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zavala-Hurtado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rendón-Aguilar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Beatriz]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Departamento de Biología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Iztapalapa Ciudad de México]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>97</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>551</fpage>
<lpage>567</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-42982019000400551&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-42982019000400551&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-42982019000400551&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract:  Background:  Field observations of damage in columnar cacti of central Mexico, and previous evidence in scientific literature, indicated the absence of systematic information about kinds of damage, vectors, and pathogens, in this botanical family.  Questions:  How is the knowledge of damage and defense mechanisms in cacti? Is there a pattern in causal agents and their geographical distribution in the Americas?  Methods:  A database of 58 taxa by 51 types of damage was developed from literature recorded in ISI Web of Knowledge, Cabdirect, and Google Scholar, and it was analyzed by multivariate methods.  Results:  From 1,500 species of Cactaceae, only 58 have been studied through this scope. Subfamily Cactoideae has been the most studied, in particular tribe Echinocereeae (= Pachycereeae columnar cacti). Multivariate analysis grouped cacti according to the kind of damage: biotic, or abiotic. Damage due to biotic factors was sub-grouped depending on the herbivores. Damage by abiotic factors is more frequent in extreme latitudes. Fourteen species of columnar cacti were reported with herbivory and rot damage in Central Mexico, of which eight represent new records of damaged cacti.  Conclusions:  The evidence from field observations, and few recent publications suggest that some generalist herbivores are becoming dangerous in this region, Future research is necessary in order to understand the dynamics of the dispersion of some kinds of damage, the role of human disturbance, and the role and changes in defense mechanisms in wild and domesticated cacti.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen:  Antecedentes:  Observaciones de campo sobre el daño en cactáceas columnares del centro de México, así como evidencia previa en la literatura científica, indicó la ausencia de información sistematizada acerca de los tipos de daño, vectores, y patógenos en esta familia botánica.  Preguntas:  ¿Cómo está el conocimiento del daño y mecanismos de defensa en las cactáceas?, ¿Existe un patrón en los agentes causales y su distribución geográfica en el continente americano?  Métodos:  Una base de datos de 58 taxones por 51 tipos de daño se conformó de la literatura registrada en ISI Web of Knowledge, Cabdirect y Google Scholar, y se analizó mediante métodos multivariados.  Resultados:  De 1,500 especies de Cactaceae, solo 58 han sido estudiadas en esta temática. La subfamilia Cactoideae ha sido la más estudiada, en particular la tribu Echinocereeae (= Pachycereeae cactáceas columnares). El análisis multivariado agrupó las especies de acuerdo con el tipo de daño: biotíco, o abiótico. El daño por factores bióticos se subagrupó según los herbívoros, el daño por factores abióticos es más frecuente en latitudes extremas. Catorce especies de cactáceas columnares se reportaron con daños por herbivoría y pudrición en el centro de México, ocho representan nuevos registros.  Conclusiones:  La evidencia de campo y algunas publicaciones recientes, sugieren que algunos herbívoros generalistas se están volviendo peligrosos en esa región, por lo que se deben desarrollar futuras investigaciones para comprender la dinámica de la dispersión de algunos tipos de daño, el papel de la perturbación humana y los cambios en los mecanismos de defensa en cactáceas silvestres y domesticadas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Americas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cactaceae]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cactophagus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[damage]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[rot]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[América]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Cactaceae]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Cactophagus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[daño]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pudrición]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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