<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-4085</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de urología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. urol.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-4085</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Urología]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-40852021000300007</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.48193/rmu.v81i3.736</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Cáncer de próstata de inicio temprano. ¿Una nueva entidad?]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Early onset prostate cáncer. A new entity?]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parra-Medina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rafael]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez-Clavijo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sandra]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud Instituto de Investigaciones Departamento de Patología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Rosario Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Departamento de Biología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Cancerología Departamento de Patología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>81</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-40852021000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-40852021000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-40852021000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El cáncer de próstata (CP) es el segundo tipo de cáncer más frecuente y la quinta causa de muerte en hombres a nivel mundial. Se ha propuesto que el CP en jóvenes es una entidad diferente al de inicio tardío. No se ha establecido el punto de corte para definir CP de inicio temprano, pero con frecuencia se refiere al diagnóstico en pacientes menores de 50 años. Se ha observado que las características clínicas del CP de inicio temprano y de inicio tardío son similares, pero en pacientes jóvenes con alto riesgo, la enfermedad puede ser más agresiva. También se ha descrito que los mecanismos moleculares de oncogénesis son diferentes entre jóvenes y viejos. El objetivo de la presente revisión es reunir evidencia de las características del CP de inicio temprano.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common type of cancer and the fifth leading cause of death in men worldwide. It has been proposed that PC in young people is a different entity from late-onset PC. The cut-off point to define early-onset PC has not been established, but the term is used when at the time of diagnosis the patient is under 50 years old. In recent years, it has been observed that the clinical compartment may be similar to patients with late-onset PC, however, in high-risk patients it may be more aggressive. Additionally, it has been observed that the molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis are different between young and old. The aim of the present review is to gather the evidence for early-onset PC.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Prostate cancer]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Early onset]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Young]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Cáncer de próstata]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Inicio temprano]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Jóvenes]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferlay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soerjomataram]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siegel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jemal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[CA Cancer J Clin]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>394-424</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gandhi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Afridi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vatsia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joshi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joshi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaplan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The molecular biology of prostate cancer: current understanding and clinical implications]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>22-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kendal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Histological subtypes of prostatic cancer: a comparative survival study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Can J Urol]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>5355-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Check]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lortet-Tieulent]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laversanne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jemal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferlay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prostate cancer incidence in 43 populations worldwide: An analysis of time trends overall and by age group]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Cancer]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>138</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1388-400</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bleyer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spreafico]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prostate cancer in young men: An emerging young adult and older adolescent challenge]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cancer]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>126</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>46-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Catalona]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ratliff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dodds]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coplen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yuan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>324</volume>
<numero>17</numero>
<issue>17</issue>
<page-range>1156-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Chapado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olmedilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cabeza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalence of prostate cancer and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in Caucasian Mediterranean males: an autopsy study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Prostate]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>238-47</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[German]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[King]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joseph]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thompson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X-C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Recent trends in prostate cancer testing and incidence among men under age of 50]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cancer Epidemiol]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>122-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Howlader]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2014]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[SEER Statistics]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[SEER]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salinas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsodikov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ishak-Howard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cooney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prostate cancer in young men: an important clinical entity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Rev Urol]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>317-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zheng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SX]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dahl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blute]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W-D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinicopathological characteristics of localized prostate cancer in younger men aged &#8804; 50 years treated with radical prostatectomy in the PSA era: A systematic review and meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cancer Medicine]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>18</numero>
<issue>18</issue>
<page-range>6473-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siegel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jemal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cancer statistics, 2014]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[CA Cancer J Clin]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>9-29</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Porter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montgomery]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Treatment and survival outcomes in young men diagnosed with prostate cancer: a Population-based Cohort Study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cancer]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>115</volume>
<numero>13</numero>
<issue>13</issue>
<page-range>2863-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tjaden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Culp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flocks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinical adenocarcinoma of the prostate in patients under 50 years of age]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Urol]]></source>
<year>1965</year>
<volume>93</volume>
<page-range>618-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kemp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cancer of the prostate. Do younger men have a poorer survival rate?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Br J Urol]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>391-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K-C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dolph]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donnelly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bismar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[ERG expression is associated with increased risk of biochemical relapse following radical prostatectomy in early onset prostate cancer]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Transl Oncol]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>973-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T-H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J-Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y-H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H-J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WJS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HHH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prostate cancer in young adults-Seventeen-year clinical experience of a single center]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the Chinese Medical Association]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>80</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>39-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grönberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Damber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jonsson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lenner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Patient age as a prognostic factor in prostate cancer]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Urol]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>152</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>892-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Becker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tennstedt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hansen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trinh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Q-D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kluth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Atassi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Functional and oncological outcomes of patients aged &lt;50 years treated with radical prostatectomy for localised prostate cancer in a European population]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BJU Int]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>114</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>38-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rice]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sterbis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cullen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McLeod]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prostate cancer in men less than the age of 50: a comparison of race and outcomes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Urology]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>110-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freedland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Presti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aronson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Terris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dorey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Do younger men have better biochemical outcomes after radical prostatectomy?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Urology]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>518-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shih]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H-J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S-C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[An]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y-HJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Early-onset prostate cancer is associated with increased risks of disease progression and cancer-specific mortality]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Prostate]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>81</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>118-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hussein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Satturwar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van der Kwast]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Young-age prostate cancer]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Pathol]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>511-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Powell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vigneau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruterbusch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heilbrun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reducing prostate cancer racial disparity: evidence for aggressive early prostate cancer PSA testing of African American men]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1505-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Powell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruterbusch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sakr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evidence supports a faster growth rate and/or earlier transformation to clinically significant prostate cancer in black than in white American men, and influences racial progression and mortality disparity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Urol]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>183</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1792-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Powell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Banerjee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sakr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grignon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Novallo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Should African-American men be tested for prostate carcinoma at an earlier age than white men?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cancer]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>85</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>472-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brandt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bermejo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sundquist]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hemminki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Age-specific risk of incident prostate cancer and risk of death from prostate cancer defined by the number of affected family members]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur Urol]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>275-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zeegers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MPA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jellema]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ostrer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Empiric risk of prostate carcinoma for relatives of patients with prostate carcinoma: a meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cancer]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>97</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1894-903</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bratt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Damber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J-E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Emanuelsson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grönberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hereditary prostate cancer: clinical characteristics and survival]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Urol]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>167</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>2423-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kici&#324;ski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vangronsveld]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nawrot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An epidemiological reappraisal of the familial aggregation of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS One]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lange]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salinas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zuhlke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Early onset prostate cancer has a significant genetic component]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Prostate]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>72</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>147-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carlson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acevedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gulati]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gawne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sokolova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AO]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Impact of mutations in homologous recombination repair genes on treatment outcomes for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLOS ONE]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Powell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SN]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[BRCA1 and BRCA2: different roles in a common pathway of genome protection]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Rev Cancer]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>68-78</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mungamuri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Attie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kracikova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sachidanandam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manfredi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[p53-dependent gene repression through p21 is mediated by recruitment of E2F4 repression complexes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Oncogene]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>30</numero>
<issue>30</issue>
<page-range>3959-69</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cavanagh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rogers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KMA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in prostate, pancreatic and stomach cancers]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hered Cancer Clin Pract]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>13</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Homologous recombination deficiency: New biomarkers in innovative treatments]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[memo Mag Eur Med Oncol]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>357-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brechka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bhanvadia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VanOpstall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vander Griend]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[HOXB13 mutations and binding partners in prostate development and cancer: Function, clinical significance, and future directions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Genes Dis]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>75-87</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Edwards]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kote-Jarai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hamoudi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hope]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Q]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Osin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Two percent of men with early-onset prostate cancer harbor germline mutations in the BRCA2 gene]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Hum Genet]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>72</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Terracciano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buonerba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lucarelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bottero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perdonà]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The emerging role of obesity, diet and lipid metabolism in prostate cancer]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Future Oncol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>285-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Bono]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gurel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Marzo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sfanos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prostate carcinogenesis: inflammatory storms]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Rev Cancer]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>455-69</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>41</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thorstenson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garmo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adolfsson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bratt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cancer Specific Mortality in Men Diagnosed with Prostate Cancer before Age 50 Years: A Nationwide Population Based Study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Urol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>197</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>61-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>42</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rybak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bristow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kapoor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prostate cancer stem cells: deciphering the origins and pathways involved in prostate tumorigenesis and aggression]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Oncotarget]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1900-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>43</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Engelman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cantley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The evolution of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases as regulators of growth and metabolism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Rev Genet]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>606-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>44</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yap]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garrett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raynaud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Bono]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Workman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Targeting the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway: progress, pitfalls, and promises]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Opin Pharmacol]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>393-412</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>45</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Allen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y-M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schultz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lonigro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mosquera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J-M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Integrative clinical genomics of advanced prostate cancer]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cell]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>161</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1215-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<label>46</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hübner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mulholland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Standen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karasarides]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cavanagh-Kyros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[JNK and PTEN cooperatively control the development of invasive adenocarcinoma of the prostate]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>109</volume>
<numero>30</numero>
<issue>30</issue>
<page-range>12046-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<label>47</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Q]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Qu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hyperinsulinemia enhances interleukin-17-induced inflammation to promote prostate cancer development in obese mice through inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3-mediated phosphorylation and degradation of interleukin-17 receptor]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Oncotarget]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>13651-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<label>48</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Berriguete]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fraile]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez-Onsurbe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olmedilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paniagua]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Royuela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[MAP Kinases and Prostate Cancer]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Signal Transduct]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>2012</volume>
<page-range>169170</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<label>49</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The role of JNK in prostate cancer progression and therapeutic strategies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biomed Pharmacother]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>121</volume>
<page-range>109679</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<label>50</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ricote]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Tuñón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bethencourt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fraile]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Onsurbe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paniagua]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The p38 transduction pathway in prostatic neoplasia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Pathology]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>208</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>401-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<label>51</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Culig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[STAT3 in Prostate Cancer: Whom Should We Treat and When?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur Urol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>71</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>317-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<label>52</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Molecular Taxonomy of Primary Prostate]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cancer Cell]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>163</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1011-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<label>53</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weischenfeldt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Feuerbach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schlangen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weichenhan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Minner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Integrative genomic analyses reveal an androgen-driven somatic alteration landscape in early-onset prostate cancer]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cancer Cell]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>159-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<label>54</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schaefer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mosquera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J-M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramoner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romanel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steiner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Distinct ERG rearrangement prevalence in prostate cancer: higher frequency in young age and in low PSA prostate cancer]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>132-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<label>55</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K-C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dolph]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donnelly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bismar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[ERG expression is associated with increased risk of biochemical relapse following radical prostatectomy in early onset prostate cancer]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Transl Oncol]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>973-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<label>56</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steurer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mayer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krohn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koop]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ospina-Klinck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[TMPRSS2-ERG fusions are strongly linked to young patient age in low-grade prostate cancer]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur Urol]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>978-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<label>57</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gerhauser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Favero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Risch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Feuerbach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Assenov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Molecular Evolution of Early-Onset Prostate Cancer Identifies Molecular Risk Markers and Clinical Trajectories]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cancer Cell]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>996-1011.e8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<label>58</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ding]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Warden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steele]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iterson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M van]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gene Expression Differences in Prostate Cancers between Young and Old Men]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLOS Genetics]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<label>59</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leongamornlert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saunders]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wakerell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Whitmore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dadaev]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cieza-Borrella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Germline DNA Repair Gene Mutations in Young-onset Prostate Cancer Cases in the UK: Evidence for a More Extensive Genetic Panel]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur Urol]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>76</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>329-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<label>60</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gregory]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RI]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[MicroRNA biogenesis pathways in cancer]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Rev Cancer]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>321-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<label>61</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vanacore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boccellino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rossetti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cavaliere]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[D&#8217;Aniello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Di Franco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Micrornas in prostate cancer: an overview]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Oncotarget]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>30</numero>
<issue>30</issue>
<page-range>50240-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<label>62</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cannistraci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Di Pace]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Maria]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[MicroRNA as New Tools for Prostate Cancer Risk Assessment and Therapeutic Intervention: Results from Clinical Data Set and Patients&#8217; Samples]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BioMed Research International]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>2014</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<label>62</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H-Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sørensen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ogunwobi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chornokur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[miRNAs associated with prostate cancer risk and progression]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMC Urol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<label>63</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[alera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parra-Medina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Merino MJ. microRNA Expression Profiling in Young Prostate Cancer Patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Cancer]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>14</numero>
<issue>14</issue>
<page-range>4106-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<label>64</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[arra-Medina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Kleine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez-Clavijo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Payán-Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Identification of candidate miRNAs in early-onset and late-onset prostate cancer by network analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sci Rep]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>12345</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<label>65</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palanisamy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zuhlke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siddiqui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chinnaiyan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[HOXB13 G84E-related familial prostate cancers: a clinical, histologic, and molecular survey]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Surg Pathol]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>615-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<label>66</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Risbridger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taylor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clouston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sliwinski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thorne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hunter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Patient-derived xenografts reveal that intraductal carcinoma of the prostate is a prominent pathology in BRCA2 mutation carriers with prostate cancer and correlates with poor prognosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur Urol]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>67</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>496-503</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
