<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-4085</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de urología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. urol.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-4085</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Urología]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-40852020000400005</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.48193/revistamexicanadeurologa.v80i4.498</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Etiology of testicular pain 2019: Classification into ten logical subgroups]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Etiología del dolor testicular 2019: Clasificación en diez subgrupos lógicos]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Uribe-Arcila]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delgado-Montoya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gaviria-Gil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Federico]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín Antioquia]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>80</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-40852020000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-40852020000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-40852020000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Background:  Testicular pain encompasses a vast medical diagnostic field, with numerous organ and system convergence. Acute testicular pain is a medical emergency that requires accurate evaluation and immediate resolution, whereas chronic testicular pain is enigmatic and requires sound knowledge of the mechanisms of testicular pain and the differential diagnosis.  Objective: To review the causes of testicular pain and propose a new etiologic classification consisting of 10 subgroups.  Methods:  A bibliographic search was carried out utilizing Google and the National Library of Medicine&#8217;s PubMed databases to identify original articles and review articles (hard copy or electronic) published on testicular pain, up to March 2020. The search included: MeSH terms: testicular disease (classification, complications, etiology, trauma, microbiology, pathology, pathophysiology, secondary, surgery, treatment) and vasectomy; Non-MeSH terms: acute and chronic orchialgia, scrotalgia, orchidynia, groin pain, epididymalgia, testalgia, chronic testicular pain, chronic scrotal pain syndrome, testicular pain syndrome, epididymal pain syndrome, and post-vasectomy pain syndrome. The initial search produced 625 articles, of which 143 were included in the present review.  Results:  To better understand testicular pain etiology, 100 possible diagnoses were divided into ten subgroups: infectious, neoplastic, traumatic, torsional, vascular, immunologic, neurologic, pharmacologic, obstructive, and miscellaneous causes. Likewise, treatment can be divided into two main groups, according to therapeutic options: pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic, with the latter subdivided into: noninvasive and the increasingly performed invasive (surgical) alternatives.  Conclusions: Testicular pain should be understood as a complex pain syndrome of enigmatic origin. Treatment success depends on the correct identification, from hundreds of possibilities, of the cause of pain. Logical grouping of those possibilities could aid in making the accurate etiologic identification.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  El dolor testicular es un vasto campo de diagnóstico médico, donde convergen múltiples órganos y sistemas. El dolor testicular agudo es una emergencia médica que necesita una evaluación adecuada y una resolución inmediata; pero cuando aparece como un problema crónico, se convierte en un enigma que requiere un buen conocimiento de los mecanismos del dolor testicular y el diagnóstico diferencial.  Objetivo:  Revisar la etiología del dolor testicular y proponer una nueva clasificación en diez subgrupos etiológicos.  Método:  Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en Google y las bases de datos National Library of Medicine&#8217;s PubMed para identificar artículos originales y de revisión, publicados o publicados electrónicamente, sobre el dolor testicular, hasta marzo de 2020. Los términos de la búsqueda incluyeron: Términos MESH: Enfermedad testicular (Classificacion, complicationes, etiologia, trauma, microbiologia, patologia, fisiopatologia, secondaria, cirugía, tratamiento) y vasectomia. Términos No MESH: orquialgia aguda y crónica, escrotalgia, orquidinia, inguinalgia, epididimalgia, testalgia, dolor testicular crónico, síndrome de dolor escrotal crónico, síndrome de dolor testicular, síndrome de dolor epididimario y síndrome de dolor post vasectomía. La búsqueda inicial produjo 625 artículos y 145 se incluyeron en la presente revisión.  Resultados:  De 100 diagnósticos posibles, para comprender mejor la etiología del dolor testicular, se pueden subdividir en diez subgrupos: infecciosos, neoplásicos, traumáticos, torsionales, vasculares, inmunológicos, neurológicos, farmacológicos, post obstrucción y causas diversas. Asimismo, el tratamiento se puede dividir en dos grupos mayores según las opciones terapéuticas: tratamiento farmacológico y no farmacológico, este último con una subdivisión: opciones no invasivas e invasivas (quirúrgicas) que se están expandiendo.  Conclusiones:  El dolor testicular debe entenderse como un síndrome doloroso complejo con un origen enigmático. El éxito del tratamiento depende de la correcta identificación de la fuente del dolor; con un centenar de causas posibles, el uso de una agrupación lógica podría facilitar esta identificación.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pain]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Acute pain]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Chronic pain]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Visceral pain]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Scrotal pain]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Testicular pain]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Orchialgia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Dolor]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Dolor agudo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Dolor crónico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Dolor visceral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Dolor escrotal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Dolor testicular]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Orquialgia]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waldman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Chapter 86 - Orchialgia]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waldman SD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[editor]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Atlas of Uncommon Pain Syndromes]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<edition>Third</edition>
<page-range>251-3</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Philadelphia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[W.B. Saunders]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Uribe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Testicular Pain]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Potts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Genitourinary Pain And Inflammation: Diagnosis And Management]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<page-range>135-65</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Totowa, NJ ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Humana Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ergün]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bruns]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soyka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tauber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Angioarchitecture of the human spermatic cord]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cell Tissue Res]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>288</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>391-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glass]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watkin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[From mutilation to medication: the history of orchidectomy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Br J Urol]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>80</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>373-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marcozzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The nontraumatic, acute scrotum]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Emerg Med Clin North Am]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>547-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nöske]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kraus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Altinkilic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weidner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Historical milestones regarding torsion of the scrotal organs]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Urol]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>159</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>13-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Granitsiotis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kirk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Chronic testicular pain: an overview]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur Urol]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>430-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quallich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arslanian-Engoren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Chronic unexplained orchialgia: a concept analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Adv Nurs]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>70</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1717-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aljumaily]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Khazraji]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gordon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jarvi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Characteristics and Etiologies of Chronic Scrotal Pain: A Common but Poorly Understood Condition]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pain Res Manag]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>2017</volume>
<numero>3829168</numero>
<issue>3829168</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Katz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosenbloom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fashler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Chronic Pain, Psychopathology, and DSM-5 Somatic Symptom Disorder]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Can J Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>160-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murnion]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neuropathic pain: current definition and review of drug treatment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Aust Prescr]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>60-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K-W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Behera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Biswal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neuropathic pain mechanisms and imaging]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Semin Musculoskelet Radiol]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>103-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McConaghy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Panchal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Epididymitis: An Overview]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am Fam Physician]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>94</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>723-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sigalos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pastuszak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Chronic orchialgia: epidemiology, diagnosis and evaluation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Transl Androl Urol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>^s1</numero>
<issue>^s1</issue>
<supplement>1</supplement>
<page-range>S37-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Engeler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D (Chair)]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baranowski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berghmans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borovicka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cottrell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dinis-Oliveira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[EAU Guidelines: Chronic Pelvic Pain]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prehn Douglas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A New Sign in the Differential Diagnosis Between Torsion of the Spermatic Cord and Epididymitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Urology]]></source>
<year>1934</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>191-200</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bosilkovski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kamiloski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miskova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Balalovski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kotevska]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petrovski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Testicular infection in brucellosis: Report of 34 cases]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Microbiol Immunol Infect]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>82-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SCU]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Das]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Katiyar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Filarial Orchitis due to Wuchereria bancrofti Masquerading as Testicular Neoplasm]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Trop Med Hyg]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>95</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>497-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bharucha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Anorectal and Pelvic Pain]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Mayo Clin Proc]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>91</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1471-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ciftci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Savas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yeni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Topal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Chronic Orchialgia and Associated Diseases. CUR]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>67-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aljumaily]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Khazraji]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HAJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gordon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jarvi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Chronic scrotal pain may lead to reduced sexual function and interest, while sexual activity may worsen chronic scrotal pain: &#8216;double jeopardy&#8217;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Transl Androl Urol]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>^s1</numero>
<issue>^s1</issue>
<supplement>1</supplement>
<page-range>S23-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ghazarian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rusner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trabert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Braunlin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McGlynn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Testicular cancer among US men aged 50 years and older]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cancer Epidemiol]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<page-range>68-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pedersen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rafaelsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Møller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vedsted]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Osther]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Testicular microlithiasis and testicular cancer: review of the literature]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int Urol Nephrol]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>1079-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Celigoj]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costabile]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Surgery of the scrotum and seminal vesicles]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Campbell-Walsh Urology]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<edition>11</edition>
<page-range>946-66</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Philadelphia, PA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Choi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jeong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U-S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Han]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Inhibition of adhesion and fibrosis improves the outcome of epididymectomy as a treatment for chronic epididymitis: a multicenter, randomized controlled, single-blind study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Urol]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>189</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1730-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Owen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCormick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Figler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coward]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A review of varicocele repair for pain]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Transl Androl Urol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>^s1</numero>
<issue>^s1</issue>
<supplement>1</supplement>
<page-range>S20-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horovitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tjong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grober]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ED]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jarvi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Vasectomy reversal provides long-term pain relief for men with the post-vasectomy pain syndrome]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Urol]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>187</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>613-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sinha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramasamy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Post-vasectomy pain syndrome: diagnosis, management and treatment options]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Transl Androl Urol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>^s1</numero>
<issue>^s1</issue>
<supplement>1</supplement>
<page-range>S44-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sureka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Srivastava]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agarwal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Srivastava]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[An]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevention of Orchialgia After Left-Sided Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy-A Prospective Study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Endourol]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>696-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zavras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siatelis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Misiakos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bagias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Papachristos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Machairas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Testicular Dislocation After Scrotal Trauma: A Case Report and Brief Literature Review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Urol Case Rep]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>101-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Kandari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kehinde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khudair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ibrahim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ElSheemy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shokeir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intermittent Testicular Torsion in Adults: An Overlooked Clinical Condition]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Med Princ Pract]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>30-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boettcher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bergholz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krebs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wenke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Treszl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aronson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Differentiation of epididymitis and appendix testis torsion by clinical and ultrasound signs in children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Urology]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>82</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>899-904</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peracha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Urological manifestations and treatment of the primary systemic vasculitides]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World Journal of Clinical Urology]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>5-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dixit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hague]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bicknell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Testicular Vasculitis: A Sonographic and Pathologic Diagnosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Case Rep Radiol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>2017</volume>
<page-range>8923621</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Predictors of pain resolution after varicocelectomy for painful varicocele]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Asian J Androl]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>754-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raghavendran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Venugopal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kiran Kumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Thrombosed varicocele - a rare cause for acute scrotal pain: a case report]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMC Urol]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smets]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reichman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Michielsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DPJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Segmental testicular infarction: a case report]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Med Case Rep]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>140</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cocuzza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvalho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonfá]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diagnosis and classification of autoimmune orchitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Autoimmun Rev]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>4-5</numero>
<issue>4-5</issue>
<page-range>431-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casarin Costa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Virgens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Oliveira Mestre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Samorano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valente]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NYS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sweet Syndrome: Clinical Features, Histopathology, and Associations of 83 Cases]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Cutan Med Surg]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>211-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esposito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siebert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manzano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Acute scrotal idiopathic edema: A misleading erythema]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[CJEM]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>^s2</numero>
<issue>^s2</issue>
<supplement>2</supplement>
<page-range>S37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>41</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Feldman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilbert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Phantom orchalgia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Urol]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>152</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>2291-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>42</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gozon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schwartz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lumbosacral radiculopathic pain presenting as groin and scrotal pain: pain management with twitch-obtaining intramuscular stimulation. A case report and review of literature]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>315-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>43</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McEwen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meyboom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Testicular pain caused by mazindol]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<volume>287</volume>
<numero>6407</numero>
<issue>6407</issue>
<page-range>1763-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>44</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Padhani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lopez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Revell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MacVicar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Eye and testicular pain after administration of gadopentetate dimeglumine]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[AJR Am J Roentgenol]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>165</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>484-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>45</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Terlecki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalence of Relative Deficiencies in Testosterone and Vitamin B12 Among Patients Referred for Chronic Orchialgia: Implications for Management]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Mens Health]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>608-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<label>46</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goldberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Witchell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Right testicular pain: unusual presentation of obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Can J Surg]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>246-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<label>47</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abbaraju]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rajbabu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anjum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sriprasad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tubular ectasia of the rete testis: a diagnostic dilemma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann R Coll Surg Engl]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>90</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>W1-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<label>48</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bowen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bruce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Acute testicular pain: an unusual presentation of appendicitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Br J Surg]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>81</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>776</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<label>49</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sequeira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buffington]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abreo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Testicular angina during hemodialysis: an unusual complication of ultrafiltration]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hemodial Int]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>323-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<label>50</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davies]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Copping]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Idiopathic scrotal fat necrosis: an unusual cause of scrotal pain]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMJ Case Rep]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>2018</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<label>51</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tojuola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Layman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kartal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gudelogul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brahmbhatt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parekattil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Chronic orchialgia: Review of treatments old and new]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Indian J Urol]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>21-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<label>52</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ölçücü]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ölçücü]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ölçücüo&#287;lu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ölçücüo&#287;lu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Özgök]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Response to duloxetine and gabapentin combination of a patient who has chronical orchialgia with bilateral tubular ectasia of rete testis and multiple epididymal cysts]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Turk J Urol]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>274-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<label>53</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosenfeld]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The endocannabinoid system, cannabinoids, and pain]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rambam Maimonides Med J]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<label>54</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bruni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Della Pepa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oliaro-Bosso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pessione]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gastaldi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dosio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cannabinoid Delivery Systems for Pain and Inflammation Treatment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Molecules]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<label>55</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Wake Forest University Health Sciences</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Botulinum Toxin for the Management of Chronic Orchialgia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[ClinicalTrials.gov]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<label>56</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lamina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shmaila]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muhammed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in the symptomatic management of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a placebo-control randomized trial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Braz J Urol]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>708-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<label>57</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ye]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z-Q]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R-Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Du]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G-H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yuan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X-Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Biofeedback therapy for chronic pelvic pain syndrome]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Asian J Androl]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>155-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<label>58</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calixte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brahmbhatt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parekattil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Genital pain: algorithm for management]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Translational Andrology and Urology]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>252-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<label>59</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nickel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Acupuncture ameliorates symptoms in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Urology]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>61</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1156-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<label>60</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calixte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tojuola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kartal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gudeloglu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hirsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Etafy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Targeted Robotic Assisted Microsurgical Denervation of the Spermatic Cord for the Treatment of Chronic Orchialgia or Groin Pain: A Single Center, Large Series Review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Urol]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>199</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1015-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<label>61</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Basal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ergin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yildirim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goktas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Atim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sizlan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A novel treatment of chronic orchialgia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Androl]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>22-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<label>62</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CY]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A comparison of epididymectomy with vasectomy reversal for the surgical treatment of postvasectomy pain syndrome]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int Urol Nephrol]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>531-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<label>63</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lowe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Extirpative surgery for chronic orchialgia: is there a role?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Transl Androl Urol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>^s1</numero>
<issue>^s1</issue>
<supplement>1</supplement>
<page-range>S2-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
