<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-3607</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[PAAKAT: revista de tecnología y sociedad]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[PAAKAT: rev. tecnol. soc.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-3607</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Guadalajara, Sistema de Universidad Virtual]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-36072019000100008</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32870/pk.a9n16.349</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Inteligências artificiais e o problema da consciência]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Artificial intelligences and the problem of consciousness]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quaresma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alexandre]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Pontificia Universidad Católica de São Paulo  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>16</numero>
<fpage>8</fpage>
<lpage>18</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-36072019000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-36072019000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-36072019000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Uma das maiores dificuldades dos engenheiros e projetistas de sistemas dotados com Inteligências Artificiais (IA) é replicar a faculdade-propriedade da consciência, pois a mente consciente só parece possível em seres biológicos. Nesse artigo, investigaremos como acontece a consciência no mundo biológico, quais as condições necessárias para sua manifestação, correlacionando-a (consciência), enquanto fenômeno genuinamente biológico, com a dificuldade de instanciar inteligências conscientes e intencionais em sistemas cibernético-informacionais complexos e artificiais, o que vale dizer, inorgânicos e não-biológicos. Mais especificamente, referimo-nos a tentar fazê-lo - como defende o cognitivismo ortodoxo e a própria IA forte - em computadores, androides e robôs, por meio de arranjos de IA. Vale destacar que esse problema da consciência se vê intimamente relacionado com problemas que já discutimos em trabalhos anteriores (Inteligências artificiais e o problema da intencionalidade; Inteligências artificiais e os limites da computação), no sentido de que, apenas um sistema ou ser biológico vivo pode ser capaz de possuir essa característica chamada consciência.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract A major difficulty for the engineers and designers of artificial intelligence (AI) systems has been to replicate consciousness. After all, it has always been assumed that only living beings may be conscious or not. The paper examines the nature of consciousness in the biological world and the conditions that must be fulfilled before consciousness can be attributed to some organism. States of consciousness in organic systems are compared to states of artificial cybernetic information processing systems, such as computers, androids and robots, to which consciousness might be or has been attributed. The claims of orthodox cognitive scientists and the advocates of a &#8220;strong AI&#8221; with respect to consciousness are examined in detail. The paper gives continuity to the author&#8217;s previous studies on the limits of computation, in particular, on intentionality in the context of artificial intelligences. Its main argument is that consciousness presupposes life. It is a state that can only attributed to living systems.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Consciência]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[inteligência]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[inteligências artificiais]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[dinâmica cerebral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[mente]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[crítica da tecnologia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Consciousness]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[intelligence artificial intelligences (AI)]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cerebral dynamics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mind]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[critique of technology]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Basbaum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tecnoestese e infocgnição: Da ordem dos predicados dos acoplamentos na circunstância contemporânea]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bergson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A evolução criadora]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Rio de Janeiro ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Zahar Editores]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brooks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;No silver bullet - Essence and Accident in Software Engineering&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Computer Review]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buzsáki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Rhythms of the Brain]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Button]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coulter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sharrock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Computadores, mentes e conduta]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editora UNESP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Changeux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.-P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Connes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Matéria e pensamento]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editora UNESP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Churchland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Matéria e consciência - Uma introdução contemporânea à filosofia da mente]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editora UNESP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crevier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Inteligência artificial]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madri ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Acento Editorial]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Damásio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[O mistério da consciência - Do corpo e das emoções ao conhecimento de si]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Companhia das Letras]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Damásio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[E o cérebro criou o homem]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Companhia das Letras]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Fernandes Teixeira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A mente pós-evolutiva - A filosofia da mente no universe do silício]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Petrópolis ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editora Vozes]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Descartes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Discurso do método]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Abril Cultural]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dewey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Experiência e natureza]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Abril Cultural]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dreyfus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[O que os computadores não podem fazer - Uma crítica da razão artificial]]></source>
<year>1972</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Rio de Janeiro ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[A Casa do Livro Eldorado]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galimberti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Psiche e techne - O homem na idade da técnica]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Paulus]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Henning]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Of termites and men: On the ontology of collective individuals]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scarfe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Brian Henning and Adam]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Beyond Mechanism - Putting life back into biology]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Lexington Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Merleau-Ponty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A prosa do mundo]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cosac &amp; Naify]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Minsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La máquina de las emociones - Sentido común, inteligência artificial y el futuro de La mente humana]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sudamericana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mithen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A pré-história da mente - Uma busca das origens da arte, da religião e da ciência]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editora UNESP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[O método 2: A vida da vida]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Porto Alegre ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sulina]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nietzsche]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Obras incompletas]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Abril Cultural]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quintanilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Techné - La filosofía y el sentido de la técnica]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madri ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Common Ground Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ravoux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.-P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A unidade das ciências - Explicar a natureza e compreender o homem]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Piaget]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schank]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Birnbaum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Aumentando a inteligência]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khalfa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jean]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A natureza da inteligência]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editora UNESP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Herbert A. Simon, O computador-rei]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pessis-Pasternak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guitta]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Do caos à inteligência artificial - Quando os cientistas se interrogam]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editora UNESP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Whitehead]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[O conceito de natureza]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Martins Fontes]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A unidade do conhecimento - Consiliência. Seria a ciência capaz de explicar tudo?]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Rio de Janeiro ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Campus]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
