<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-3380</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista bio ciencias]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Revista bio ciencias]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-3380</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-33802022000100301</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15741/revbio.09.e1088</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Superbugs and Genomic Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Superbacterias y análisis genómico de la Resistencia antimicrobiana]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mendieta Condado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Márquez Aguirre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE) Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico e Investigación Molecular Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biocomputación]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>9</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-33802022000100301&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-33802022000100301&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-33802022000100301&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT After a century after the discovery of penicillin, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in human and animal health has favored the emergence and spread of microbial resistance, thereby generating "superbugs" capable of resisting antibiotics. In this article, the origin of antibiotics, the concepts of superbugs and the generation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), as well as the genomic analysis of antimicrobial resistance, as a new bioinformatics tool for its identification, will be addressed in a simple way.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN A casi un siglo del descubrimiento de la penicilina, el uso indiscriminado de los antibióticos en la salud humana y animal, ha favorecido la aparición y propagación de la resistencia microbiana, generando con ello las &#8220;súper-bacterias&#8221;, capaces de resistir a los antibióticos. En este artículo se abordará de una manera sencilla el origen de los antibióticos, los conceptos de súper-bacterias y la generación de la resistencia antimicrobiana (AMR), así como el análisis genómico de la resistencia antimicrobiana, como una nueva herramienta bioinformática para su identificación.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Superbugs]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Antimicrobial Resistance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Genomic Analysis.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Súper-bacterias]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Resistencia Antimicrobiana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Análisis Genómico]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Da Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dominguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Insights on the Horizontal Gene Transfer of Carbapenemase Determinants in the Opportunistic Pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Microorganisms]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fortoul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. T. I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las otras habilidades de Alexander Fleming.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de la Facultad de Medicina UNAM]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>57-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goodman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brunton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Manual of pharmacology and therapeutics.]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[McGraw-Hill Medical.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hang-Wei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hu]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xue-Mei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Han]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xiu-Zhen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Shi]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jun-Tao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Wang]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li-Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Han]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Chen]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ji-Zheng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[He.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Temporal changes of antibiotic-resistance genes and bacterial communities in two contrasting soils treated with cattle manure.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[FEMS microbiology ecology]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>92</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quijada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Lázaro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eiros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Aplicación de la secuenciación masiva y la bioinformática al diagnóstico microbiológico clínico.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Argentina de Microbiología]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>150-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kopmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jechalke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosendahl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Groeneweg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krögerrecklenfort]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zimmerling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weichelt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siemens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amelung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heuer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smalla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Abundance and transferability of antibiotic resistance as related to the fate of sulfadiazine in maize rhizosphere and bulk soil.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[FEMS microbiology ecology]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>83</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>125-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lobanovska]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Focus: Penicillin &#8216;s Discovery and antibiotic resistance: Lesson for the future.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>90</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mbelele]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mohamed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sauli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mpolya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mfinanga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Addo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heysell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mpagama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International journal of mycobacteriology]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morfín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Noriega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Enterobacterias con betalactamasas de espectro extendido: su importancia como patógenos nosocomiales.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[National Center for Biotechnology Information [NCBI]]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortíz-Alcántara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Segura-Candelas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garcés-Ayala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gonzalez-Durán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Castillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alcántara-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wong-Arámbula]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Villa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[León-Ávila]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Chéquer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diaz-Quiñonez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Méndez-Tenorio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fatal Psychrobacter sp. infection in a pediatric patient with meningitis identified by metagenomic next-generation sequencing in cerebrospinal fluid.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Archives of microbiology]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>198</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>129-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Pathogenwatch</collab>
<source><![CDATA[A Global Plataform for Genomic Surveillance]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database [CARD].]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vilsker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nooij]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fonseca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ghysens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dumon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pauwels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alcantara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vanden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vandamme]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deforche]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Oliveira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Genome Detective: an automated system for virus identification from high-throughput sequencing data]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bioinformatics]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Whitman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goodfellow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kämpfer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Busse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trujillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ludwig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suzuki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bergey&#8217;s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<edition>2nd</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York, NY. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer-Verlag]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>World Health Organization [WHO]</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Global antimicrobial resistance surveillance system (&#8206;GLASS)&#8206; report: early implementation 2020.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Health Organization]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>World Health Organization [WHO]</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Global Tuberculosis Programme. Tratamiento de la tuberculosis: directrices para los programas nacionales]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<edition>2a</edition>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Organización Mundial de la Salud]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
