<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-3380</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista bio ciencias]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Revista bio ciencias]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-3380</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-33802020000100104</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15741/revbio.07.e955</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Opioids: Pharmacology and Epidemiology]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Farmacología y Epidemiología de Opioides]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cardoso-Ortiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Luna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cuevas-Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. R]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores de la Torre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Covarrubias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas &#8220;Francisco García Salinas&#8221; Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Zacatecas Zacatecas]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Medical College of Wisconsin Pharmacy School ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Milwaukee]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>7</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-33802020000100104&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-33802020000100104&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-33802020000100104&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Opioids have been used for many years as the most effective analgesics for pain management. This work discloses the pharmacological classification, therapeutic uses, health risks and adverse reactions of opioids as medicines, setting out the paradigm of using this type of drug to control pain. However, they have become a health problem in distinct countries, as they have a high addictive potential under certain circumstances. In addition to their use against pain, opioids are also employed as antidiarrheal, antitussive and for the treatment of diverse symptomatology. Despite the adverse effects, misuse and abuse of opioids, they are still considered as indispensable in pain therapy. Currently pharmaceutical research is working on the constant development for new drugs with less severe effects and a high analgesic potency.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Desde hace muchos años, los opioides son los analgésicos más utilizados y efectivos para el tratamiento del dolor. Este trabajo da a conocer la clasificación farmacológica, usos terapéuticos, riesgos a la salud y reacciones adversas de los opioides como medicamentos, planteando el paradigma del usar este tipo de fármacos para el control del dolor. Sin embargo, su uso se ha convertido en un problema de salud en distintos países ya que en ciertas circunstancias tienen un alto potencial de causar adicción. Además de su uso contra el dolor, los opioides son utilizados como antidiarreicos, antitusivos y para el tratamiento de diversas sintomatologías. A pesar de los efectos adversos, del mal uso y abuso de los opioides, se consideran imprescindibles en la terapia contra el dolor. Actualmente las investigaciones farmacéuticas trabajan en la búsqueda constante de nuevos fármacos con efectos menos severos y con potencia analgésica.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pain]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Opioid]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Addiction]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Epidemic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Dolor]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Opioide]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Adicción]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Epidemia]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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