<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-1205</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Trayectorias. Revista de ciencias sociales de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Trayectorias. Rev. de cienc. soc. de la Univ. Autónoma de Nuevo León]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-1205</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Secretaría Académica, Secretaría de Extensión y Cultura]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-12052018000100003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Los Intelectuales en América Latina: La Falta de Ejemplaridad, el Relativismo de Valores y las Ambivalencias del Poder]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Intellectuals in Latin America: The Lack of Exemplariness, the Relativism of Values and the Ambiguities of Power]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mansilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. C. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Academia de Ciencias Sociales de Bolivia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Bolivia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>46</numero>
<fpage>3</fpage>
<lpage>17</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-12052018000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-12052018000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-12052018000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este breve ensayo intenta criticar los valores de orientación y las pautas repetitivas del comportamiento práctico de los intelectuales progresistas en América Latina. El texto enfatiza la falta de ejemplaridad de los intelectuales con respecto a los otros estratos sociales en los campos de la ética y de la praxis política. Los intelectuales actúan según valores convencionales (como dinero, poder, prestigio), pero reiteran discursos retóricos rutinarios, como la construcción de un modelo igualitario, cuando en realidad se hallan inmersos en estructuras jerárquicas piramidales.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This short essay is an attempt to criticize the orientation values and the repeating behaviour patterns of progressive intellectuals in Latin America. This text examines the lack of exemplariness of the intellectuals (with regard to other social classes) in the fields of ethics and political practice. The intellectuals tend to a behaviour determined by conventional values (like money, power, prestige), but they continuously produce a rhetorical routine stressing equalitarianism, although in the reality they belong to hierarchical and pyramidal structures.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Catolicismo Franz]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Hinkelammert]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Intelectuales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Liberalismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Posmodernismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Catholicism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Franz Hinkelammert]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Intellectuals]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Liberalism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Postmodernism]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adorno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Minima Moralia. Reflexionen aus dem beschädigten Leben [Minima Moralia. Reflexiones desde la vida averiada]]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Frankfurt ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Suhrkamp]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intelectuales: nacimiento y peripecia de un nombre]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Altamirano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nueva Sociedad]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>245</volume>
<page-range>38-53</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bautista Segales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ética y crítica en Hinkelammert. Introducción al pensamiento crítico de Franz Hinkelammert]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El anti-antinorteamericanismo en América Latina (1898-1930). Apuntes para una historia intelectual]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bergel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nueva Sociedad]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>236</volume>
<page-range>152-67</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blanchot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Les intellectuels en question. Ébauche d&#8217;une réflexion]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[París ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fourbis]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Un acercamiento a la definición de intelectual]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bolívar Meza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios Políticos]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<page-range>123-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brunner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Intelectuales y democracia. América Latina, cultura y modernidad]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Grijalbo]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La crisis actual de América Latina: causas y soluciones]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burchardt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.-J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nueva Sociedad]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>267</volume>
<page-range>114-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colom González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La tutela del &#8220;bien común&#8220;. La cultura política de los liberalismos hispánicos]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colom González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Modernidad iberoamericana. Cultura, política y cambio social]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<page-range>269-98</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Iberoamericana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[José Aricó: traducir el marxismo en América Latina]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nueva Sociedad]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>262</volume>
<page-range>147-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[José María Vargas Vila]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Del poder y la gramática y otros ensayos sobre historia, política y literatura colombianas]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<page-range>285-301</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tercer Mundo]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El populismo latinoamericano: entre la democracia y el autoritarismo]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De la Torre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nueva Sociedad]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>247</volume>
<page-range>120-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los populismos refundadores. Promesas democratizadoras, prácticas autoritarias]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De la Torre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nueva Sociedad]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>267</volume>
<page-range>129-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dussel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Filosofía de la liberación]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Santo Tomás]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dussel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[20 proposiciones de política de la liberación]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[La Paz ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tercera Piel]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Enzensberger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Die Träumer des Absoluten [Los soñadores de lo absoluto]]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Enzensberger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Politische Kolportagen [Novedades políticas]]]></source>
<year>1966</year>
<page-range>169-218</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Frankfurt ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fischer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Enzensberger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Zickzack. Aufsätze [Zig-zag. Ensayos]]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Frankfurt ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Suhrkamp]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El monstruo amable. Nuevas visiones sobre la derecha y la izquierda]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández Vega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nueva Sociedad]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>244</volume>
<page-range>154-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Furet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El pasado de una ilusión. Ensayo sobre la idea comunista en el siglo XX]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gadea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A &#8220;questão pós&#8221; e a crítica pós-moderna]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gadea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Portanova Barros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A &#8220;questão pós&#8221; nas ciências sociais. Crítica, estética, política e cultura]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<page-range>11-34</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Curitiba ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Appris]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García Cantú]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Careaga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Los intelectuales y el poder]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Joaquín Mortiz]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿Democracia o capitalismo?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Habermas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nueva Sociedad]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>246</volume>
<page-range>32-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hinkelammert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Las armas ideológicas de la muerte]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San José ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[DEI]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La libertad académica bajo control en América Latina]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hinkelammert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nueva Sociedad]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>107</volume>
<page-range>131-7</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hinkelammert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Senent]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Crítica de la razón utópica]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bilbao ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Desclée de Brouwer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hinkelammert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El sujeto y la ley. El retorno del sujeto reprimido]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San José ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[EUNA]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hinkelammert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La maldición que pesa sobre la ley. Las raíces del pensamiento crítico en Pablo de Tarso]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San José ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Arlekín]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horkheimer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adorno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sociologica II. Reden und Vorträge [Sociologica II. Conferencias y discursos]]]></source>
<year>1962</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Frankfurt ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[EVA]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La socialdemocracia liberal, la equidad y el buen capitalismo]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hutton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nueva Sociedad]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>236</volume>
<page-range>27-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jorrín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American political thought and ideology]]></source>
<year>1970</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chapel Hill ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of North Carolina Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krauze]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Redentores. Ideas y poder en América Latina]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Debate]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kusch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[América profunda]]></source>
<year>1975</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Bonum]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larraín Ibáñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Modernidad, razón e identidad en América Latina]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago de Chile ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Andrés Bello]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intelectuales y política: nuevo contexto y nuevos desafíos]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lechner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Los intelectuales y los dilemas políticos en el siglo XX]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Flacso]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Elections without democracy. The rise of competitive authoritarianism]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levitsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Way]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>51-65</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miró Quesada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La historia de las ideas en América Latina]]></source>
<year>1975</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Tunja ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El espejo de Próspero. Un estudio de la dialéctica del Nuevo Mundo]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Siglo XXI Editores]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mudde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rovira Kaltwasser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Populism in Europe and the Americas: Threat or corrective for democracy?]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Nueva Sociedad]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>170</volume>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Nueva Sociedad]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>268</volume>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortega y Gasset]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Goya]]></source>
<year>1966</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Revista de Occidente]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El ogro filantrópico]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Seix Barral]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tiempo nublado]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Seix Barral]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La tradición liberal]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Hombres en su siglo y otros ensayos]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Seix Barral]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Identidad y método: aproximaciones a la historia de las ideas en América Latina]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cancino Troncoso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klengel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leonzo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nuevas perspectivas teóricas y metodológicas de la historia intelectual de América Latina]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<page-range>15-34</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Frankfurt ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Vervuert]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez Rubio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Filosofía, derecho y liberación en América Latina]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bilbao ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Desclée de Brouwer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stabb]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[América Latina en busca de una identidad. Modelos del ensayo ideológico hispanoamericano]]></source>
<year>1969</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Monte Ávila]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stefanoni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Los inconformistas del Centenario. Intelectuales, socialismo y nación en una Bolivia en crisis (1925-1939)]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[La Paz ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Plural]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vargas Llosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El pez en el agua. Memorias]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Seix Barral]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El populismo, entre religión y política. Sobre las raíces históricas del antiliberalismo en América Latina]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zanatta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe (Tel Aviv)]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>29-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Filosofía de la historia americana]]></source>
<year>1978</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
