<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-1132</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de ciencias forestales]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. de cienc. forestales]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-1132</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-11322016000600005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Química de la biomasa vegetal y su efecto en el rendimiento durante la torrefacción: revisión]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Chemistry of plant biomass upon yield during torrefaction: a review]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bustamante García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Verónica]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carrillo Parra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Artemio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prieto Ruíz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Ángel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corral-Rivas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Javier]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Ciro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango Facultad de Ciencias Forestales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>38</numero>
<fpage>5</fpage>
<lpage>23</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-11322016000600005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-11322016000600005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-11322016000600005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La biomasa es una fuente de energía que presenta gran heterogeneidad estructural anatómica y química, con baja densidad energética, alto contenido de humedad e higroscopicidad, es hidrófila y con bajo poder calorífico. Para su aprovechamiento, la aplicación de tratamientos térmicos, conocidos como torrefacción promueven mayor eficiencia en la conversión a biocombustibles. En el presente trabajo se analizan la composición de la biomasa vegetal, su degradación térmica, rendimiento másico-energético y las propiedades químicas del producto final. Durante el proceso de torrefacción, se requiere de una atmósfera inerte e intervalos de temperatura de 200 a 300 °C. Este puede mejorar las características energéticas de la biomasa. Los productos sólidos, líquidos y gases obtenidos se emplean para generar energía calorífica. Los sólidos tienen menor contenido de oxígeno y humedad; lo que aumenta el poder calorífico, produce poco humo, no se fermenta, es hidrofóbico y resiste la pudrición. Los líquidos están conformados por agua, ácido acético, ácido furfural, ácido fórmico, metanol, ácido láctico, fenol, aldehídos y cetonas. Los gases generados son principalmente CO, CO2, H2 y CH4. Finalmente, para caracterizar las propiedades y la calidad de los biocombustibles, se emplean técnicas de análisis proximales y elementales. El proceso de torrefacción mejora las propiedades químicas de la biomasa vegetal, al aumentar su calidad como combustible.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Biomass is a source of energy that has great anatomical and chemical structural heterogeneity, low energy density, high moisture content and hygroscopicity, hydrophilic and with low calorific value. For their use, the application of thermal treatments, known as roasting, promote greater efficiency in the conversion to biofuels. In the present work the composition of the vegetal biomass, its thermal degradation, mass-energy yield and the chemical properties of the final product are analyzed. During the roasting process, an inert atmosphere and temperature intervals of 200 to 300 ° C are required. This can improve the energy characteristics of the biomass. The solids, liquids and gases obtained are used to generate heat energy. Solids have lower oxygen and moisture content; Which increases the calorific value, produces little smoke, is not fermented, is hydrophobic and resists rotting. The liquids are made up of water, acetic acid, furfural acid, formic acid, methanol, lactic acid, phenol, aldehydes and ketones. The gases generated are mainly CO, CO2, H2 and CH4. Finally, to characterize the properties and quality of biofuels, techniques of proximal and elemental analysis are used. The roasting process improves the chemical properties of vegetable biomass by increasing its quality as a fuel.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Biocombustibles]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[bioenergía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[densidad energética]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pirólisis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[poder calorífico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tratamiento térmico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Biofuels]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bioenergy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[energy density]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pyrolysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[calorific value]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[heat treatment]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Thermogravimetry study on pyrolysis of various lignocellulosic biomass for potential hydrogen production]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abdullah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yusup]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahmad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ismail]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Chemical and Biological Engineering]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>137-1441</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A review on the utilization of fly ash]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahmaruzzaman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Progress in Energy and Combustion Science]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>327-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Renewable energy research progress in Mexico: A review]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alemán-Nava]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casiano-Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cárdenas-Chávez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz-Chávez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scarlat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahlknecht]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jean-Francois]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<page-range>140-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Alterations in energy properties of eucalyptus wood and bark subjected to torrefaction: the potential of mass loss as a synthetic indicator]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Almeida]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perré]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bioresource Technology]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>101</volume>
<numero>24</numero>
<issue>24</issue>
<page-range>9778-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Análisis comparativo de la torrefacción húmeda y seca de Pinus radiata]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arteaga-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Escobar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Segura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gordon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Energética]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<numero>46</numero>
<issue>46</issue>
<page-range>5-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of wet torrefaction on reactivity and kinetics of wood under air combustion conditions]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Q. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. Q.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Skreiberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ø.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khalil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Phan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Fuel]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>137</volume>
<page-range>375-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An investigation into the effect of biomass particle size on its torrefaction]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Basu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dhungana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>91</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>466-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Biomass torrefaction: Modeling of reaction thermochemistry]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bates]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ghoniem]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bioresource Technology]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>134</volume>
<page-range>331-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bergman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. C. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boersma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kiel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. H. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ptasinski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Janssen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. G. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Torrefied biomass for entrained-flow gasification of biomass]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<month>a</month>
<page-range>50</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[The Netherlands ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ECN]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bergman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. C. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boersma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zwart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. W. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kiel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.H.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Torrefaction for biomass co-firing in existing coal-fired power stations &#8220;Biocoal&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<month>b</month>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[The Netherlands ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ECN]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bergman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. C. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kiel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. H. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Torrefaction for biomass upgrading]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 14theuropean biomass conference and exhibition]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Paris, France </conf-loc>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[The Netherlands ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Energy Research Center of the Netherlands. ECN]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Thermal degradation of lignin-A review]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brebu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vasile]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cellulose Chemistry and Technology]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Torrefaction of reed canary grass, wheat straw and willow to enhance solid fuel qualities and combustion Properties]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bridgeman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jones]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shield]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Fuel]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>844-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluation of a charcoal production process from forest residues of Quercus sideroxyla. Humb., &amp; Bonpl. in Brazilian beehive kiln]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bustamante-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carrillo-Parra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez-Lozano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corral-Rivas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garza-Ocañas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Industrial Crops and Products]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<page-range>169-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bustamante-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carrillo-Parra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vega-Nieva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goche-Telles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corral-Rivas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prieto-Ruíz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solis-Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Densificación energética por torrefacción de la biomasa vegetal]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carrillo-Parra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rutiaga-Quiñones]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Biocombustibles sóidos]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<page-range>262-183</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Göttingen, Lower, Saxony, Alemania ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Torrefaction and co-torrefaction characterization of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin as well as torrefaction of some basic constituents in biomass]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.-H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. P.-C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Energy]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>803-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Torrefied biomasses in a drop tube furnace to evaluate their utility in blast furnaces]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.-H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Du]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.-W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C-.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.-Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bioresource Technology]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>111</volume>
<page-range>433-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Characterization of solid and liquid products from bamboo torrefaction]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.-H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.-H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Juang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.-T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.-M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhuang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.-Q.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Applied Energy]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>160</volume>
<page-range>829-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A state-of-the-art review of biomass torrefaction, densification and applications]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<page-range>847-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Recent advances in biomass pretreatment Torrefaction fundamentals and technology]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chew]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doshi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<page-range>4212-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Impact of torrefaction on syngas production from wood]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Couhert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salvador]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Commandre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Fuel]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<numero>88</numero>
<issue>88</issue>
<page-range>2286-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lignocelulosa como fuente de azúcares para la producción de etanol]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cuervo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Folch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quiroz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[BioTecnología]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>11-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sustainable cofiring of biomass with coal]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Demirbas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Energy Conversion and Management]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>1465-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Potential applications of renewable energy sources, biomass combustion in boiler power systems and combustion related environmental issues]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Demirbas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Progress in Energy and Combustion Science]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>171-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Potential applications of renewable energy sources, biomass combustion problems in boiler power systems and combustion related environmental issues]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Demirbas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Progress in Energy and Combustion Science]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>171-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Biorefineries: current activities and future developments]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Demirbas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Energy Conversion and Management]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>2782-801</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Modeling chemical and physical processes of wood and biomass pyrolysis]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Di Blasi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Progress in Energy and Combustion Science]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>47-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prediction of heating values of biomass fuel from elemental composition]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Friedl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Padouvas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rotter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Varmuza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Analytica Chimica Acta]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>544</volume>
<page-range>191-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Combustion properties of biomass]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jenkins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baxter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Fuel processing technology]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>17-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Physical and chemical characteristics of products from the torrefaction of yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera)]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bioresource Technology]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<numero>116</numero>
<issue>116</issue>
<page-range>120-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A review on biomass energy resources, potential, conversion and policy in India]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baredar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shukla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<page-range>530-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee-Carter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Physicochemical properties and thermal decomposition of torrefied woody biomass and energy crop]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>173</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[AL, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Faculty of Auburn University, Auburn]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Torrefaction of sawdust in a fluidized bed reactor]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Legros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Limand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sokhansanj]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bioresource Technology]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>103</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>453-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lima]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Evaluación de la composición química y propiedades físicas de madera y corteza de cuatro coníferas para la producción de bioenergía]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<page-range>55</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Linares, N.L., México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Torrefaction and low temperature carbonization of oil palm fiber and eucalyptus in nitrogen and air atmospheres]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.-M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.-J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.-H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.-H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.-C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bioresource Technology]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>123</volume>
<page-range>98-105</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Thermogravimetric analysis and kinetics of co-pyrolysis of raw/ torrefied wood and coal blends]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.-M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W-H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.-C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Applied Energy]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>105</volume>
<page-range>57-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La Guerra de Yom Kippur y la crisis del petróleo de 1973]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maffeo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Relaciones Internacionales]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<page-range>2-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio&#8208;oil: a critical review]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mohan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pittman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. U.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steele]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Energy &amp; Fuels]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>848-89</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montoya-Arbeláez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chejne-Janna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo-Montolla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acero-Reyes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez-Gutiérrez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sarmiento-Chaparro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valdez-Rentería]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garzón-Fuentes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Osorio-Velasco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tirado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blanco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno-Safra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marrugo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ospina-Aguirre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pirolisis rápida de la biomasa]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Medellín, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ecopretrol]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Changes in chemical and physical properties of yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) during torrefaction]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Na]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.-I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.-J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.-W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Wood Science and Technology]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>257-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Torrefaction of oil palm mesocarp fiber and their effect on pelletizing]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Na]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.-I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.-H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.-S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.-M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.-W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.-W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Biomass and bioenergy]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<page-range>159-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A comprehensive review on biomass torrefaction]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nhuchhen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Basu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acharya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Renewable Energy &amp; Biofuels]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Torrefaction and densification of different species of softwood residues]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sokhansanj]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Fuel]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>111</volume>
<page-range>411-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Impact of torrefaction on the grindability and fuel characteristics of forest biomass]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Phanphanich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bioresource Technology]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>102</volume>
<page-range>1246-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mathematical modelling of a continuous biomass torrefaction reactor: TORSPYD column]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ratte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fardet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mateos and J.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Héry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Biomass and Bioenergy]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<page-range>3481-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Energías renovables 2015, reporte de la situación mundial - hallazgos clave]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Change in particle size distribution of torrefied biomass during cold fluidization]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rousset]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernandes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vale]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benoist]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Energy]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<page-range>71-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Biomass torrefaction under different oxygen concentrations and its effect on the composition of the solid by-product]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rousset]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Commandré]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>96</volume>
<page-range>86-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rowell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Handbook of wood chemistry and wood composites]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>703</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boca Ratón, FL, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CRC press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Improvements of Biomass Physical and Thermochemical Characteristics via Torrefaction Process]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sadaka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Negi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Environmental Progress &amp; Sustainable Energy]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>427-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hemicelluloses]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scheller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ulvskov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Annual Review of Plant Biology]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>61</volume>
<page-range>263-89</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of particle size and temperature on woody biomass fast pyrolysis at high temperature (1000-1400 °C)]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Septien]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dupont]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peyrot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salvador]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Fuel]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>97</volume>
<page-range>202-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Biomass torrefaction: applications in renewable energy and fuels]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gardner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Encyclopedia of chemical processing]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>18</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York, NY, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Taylor & Francis Group]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Some chemical compositional changes in Miscanthus and white oak sawdust samples during torrefaction]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shankar-Tumuluru]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boardman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wright]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hess]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Energies]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>3928-47</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A review on biomass torrefaction process and product properties for energy applications]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shankar-Tumuluru]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sokhansanj]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hess]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wright]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boardman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Industrial Biotechnology]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>384-401</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estimating the higher heating value of biomass fuels from basic analysis data]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sheng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Azevedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Biomass and Bioenergy]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>499-507</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sjöström]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Wood chemistry: fundamentals and applications]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<page-range>293</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[London, UK ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Academic Press, Inc]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Characterization of hemicelluloses isolated with tetraacetylethylenediamine activated peroxide from ultrasound irradiated and alkali pre-treated wheat straw]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tomkinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[European polymer journal]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>751-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Critical ash elements in biorefinery feedstock determined by X-ray spectroscopy]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thyrel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Samuelsson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Finell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lestander]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Applied Energy]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>102</volume>
<page-range>1288-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of temperature on thermochemical property and true density of torrefied coffee residue]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.-T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.-C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>102</volume>
<page-range>47-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Biomass upgrading by torrefaction for the production of biofuels: a review]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van der Stelt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gerhauser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[A.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ptasinski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Biomass and Bioenergy]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>3748-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lignin biosynthesis and structure]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vanholme]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Demedts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morreel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ralph]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boerjan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Plant Physiology]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>153</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>895-905</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pretreatment of biomass by torrefaction]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Chinese Science Bulletin]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<numero>14</numero>
<issue>14</issue>
<page-range>1442-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of temperature and holding time during torrefaction on the pirolisis behaviors of woody biomass]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wannapeer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fungtammasan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Worasuwannarak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>92</volume>
<page-range>99-105</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zheng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Fuel]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>86</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>1781-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zanzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beaton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Björnbom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Biomass torrefaction]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of torrefaction on structure and fast pyrolysis behavior of corncobs]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zheng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[He]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bioresource Technology]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>128</volume>
<page-range>370-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
