<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-1132</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de ciencias forestales]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. de cienc. forestales]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-1132</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-11322013000300014</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Germinación de especies del matorral espinoso tamaulipeco en un gradiente de altitud]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Germination of species of the tamaulipan thornscrub in a gradient of altitude]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Domínguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Regina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jurado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Tagle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marco A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguirre-Calderón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Oscar A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pando-Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marisela]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Facultad de Ciencias Forestales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, A.C. División de Ciencias Forestales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>17</numero>
<fpage>156</fpage>
<lpage>163</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-11322013000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-11322013000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-11322013000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[El cambio climático se considera una amenaza para la biodiversidad, en especial, para aquellas especies que se localizan en ecosistemas frágiles. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo estudiar el efecto de la altitud en la germinación y el crecimiento de 10 especies de diferentes poblaciones (localidades) que ocurren en el Matorral Espinoso Tamaulipeco. La información generada permitirá pronosticar los efectos potenciales del cambio climático en la regeneración natural, así como sus posibles desplazamientos a mayores altitudes y definir cuáles son adecuadas para futuras plantaciones. Se escarificaron y sembraron las semillas en tres altitudes: 350, 550 y 1 600 m. La germinación y crecimiento de las plántulas se monitorearon por 30 días. Se observó que Caesalpinia mexicana, Ehretia anacua y Parkinsonia aculeata registraron el porcentaje de germinación mayor en las tres condiciones altitudinales. Las semillas de algunas procedencias de Prosopis glandulosa, Caesalpinia mexicana, Ehretia anacua, Acacia berlandieri y Parkinsonia aculeata presentaron mayor germinación. Lepidium virginicum y Acacia berlandieri registraron, en promedio, los valores más altos a 1 600 msnm. Los resultados sugieren que algunos taxa pueden germinar por encima de su intervalo de distribución actual y quizá tengan la capacidad de desplazarse hacia altitudes superiores por efecto del cambio climático.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Climate change has been considered a threat to biodiversity, especially for those species that are located in fragile ecosystems. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of elevation in seed germination and seedling growth of ten species from different locations that occur in the Tamaulipan thornscrub. The information generated here will help predict potential effects of climate change in natural regeneration, as well as potential plant migration to higher elevations and adequate altitudes for future plantations. Seeds of all species and locations were stratified and sowed in three elevations: 350, 550 and 1 600 m asl. Germination and seedling growth were followed for 30 days. Caesalpinia mexicana, Ehretia anacua and Parkinsonia aculeata had the highest germination percentages in the three altitudes. The seeds of several provenances of Prosopis glandulosa, Caesalpinia mexicana, Ehretia anacua, Acacia berlandieri and Parkinsonia aculeata showed higher germination. Lepidium virginicum and Acacia berlandieri had the highest germination values at 1 600 masl. These results suggest that some species can germinate above their current distribution range, and might have the ability to migrate upslope as a consequence of climate change.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Altitud]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cambio climático]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desplazamiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[germinación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Matorral Espinoso Tamaulipeco]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[plántulas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Altitude]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[climate change]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[migration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[germination]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Tamaulipan thornscrub]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[seedlings]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Nota de investigaci&oacute;n</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Germinaci&oacute;n de especies del matorral espinoso tamaulipeco en un gradiente de altitud</b></font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="3"><b>Germination of species of the tamaulipan thornscrub in a gradient of altitude</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Regina P&eacute;rez&#45;Dom&iacute;nguez<sup>1</sup>, Enrique Jurado<sup>1</sup>, Marco A. Gonz&aacute;lez&#45;Tagle<sup>1</sup>, Joel Flores<sup>2</sup>, Oscar A. Aguirre&#45;Calder&oacute;n<sup>1</sup> y Marisela Pando&#45;Moreno<sup>1</sup></b></font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup><i>1</i></sup><i>Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Universidad Aut&oacute;noma de Nuevo Le&oacute;n. Correo&#45;e</i>: <a href="mailto:reginaperez@gmail.com">reginaperez@gmail.com</a></font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup><i>2</i></sup><i>Divisi&oacute;n de Ciencias Forestales. Instituto Potosino de Investigaci&oacute;n Cient&iacute;fica y Tecnol&oacute;gica, A.C.</i></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Fecha de recepci&oacute;n: 4 de marzo de 2013.    <br> 	Fecha de aceptaci&oacute;n: 25 de abril 2013.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>RESUMEN</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El cambio clim&aacute;tico se considera una amenaza para la biodiversidad, en especial, para aquellas especies que se localizan en ecosistemas fr&aacute;giles. La presente investigaci&oacute;n tuvo como objetivo estudiar el efecto de la altitud en la germinaci&oacute;n y el crecimiento de 10 especies de diferentes poblaciones (localidades) que ocurren en el Matorral Espinoso Tamaulipeco. La informaci&oacute;n generada permitir&aacute; pronosticar los efectos potenciales del cambio clim&aacute;tico en la regeneraci&oacute;n natural, as&iacute; como sus posibles desplazamientos a mayores altitudes y definir cu&aacute;les son adecuadas para futuras plantaciones. Se escarificaron y sembraron las semillas en tres altitudes: 350, 550 y 1 600 m. La germinaci&oacute;n y crecimiento de las pl&aacute;ntulas se monitorearon por 30 d&iacute;as. Se observ&oacute; que <i>Caesalpinia mexicana</i>, <i>Ehretia anacua</i> y <i>Parkinsonia aculeata</i> registraron el porcentaje de germinaci&oacute;n mayor en las tres condiciones altitudinales. Las semillas de algunas procedencias de <i>Prosopis glandulosa</i>, <i>Caesalpinia mexicana</i>, <i>Ehretia anacua</i>, <i>Acacia berlandieri</i> y <i>Parkinsonia aculeata</i> presentaron mayor germinaci&oacute;n. <i>Lepidium virginicum</i> y <i>Acacia berlandieri</i> registraron, en promedio, los valores m&aacute;s altos a 1 600 msnm. Los resultados sugieren que algunos taxa pueden germinar por encima de su intervalo de distribuci&oacute;n actual y quiz&aacute; tengan la capacidad de desplazarse hacia altitudes superiores por efecto del cambio clim&aacute;tico.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave</b>: Altitud, cambio clim&aacute;tico, desplazamiento, germinaci&oacute;n, Matorral Espinoso Tamaulipeco, pl&aacute;ntulas.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>ABSTRACT</b></font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Climate change has been considered a threat to biodiversity, especially for those species that are located in fragile ecosystems. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of elevation in seed germination and seedling growth of ten species from different locations that occur in the Tamaulipan thornscrub. The information generated here will help predict potential effects of climate change in natural regeneration, as well as potential plant migration to higher elevations and adequate altitudes for future plantations. Seeds of all species and locations were stratified and sowed in three elevations: 350, 550 and 1 600 m asl. Germination and seedling growth were followed for 30 days. Caesalpinia mexicana, Ehretia anacua and Parkinsonia aculeata had the highest germination percentages in the three altitudes. The seeds of several provenances of Prosopis glandulosa, Caesalpinia mexicana, Ehretia anacua, Acacia berlandieri and Parkinsonia aculeata showed higher germination. Lepidium virginicum and Acacia berlandieri had the highest germination values at 1 600 masl. These results suggest that some species can germinate above their current distribution range, and might have the ability to migrate upslope as a consequence of climate change.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Key words:</b> Altitude, climate change, migration, germination, Tamaulipan thornscrub, seedlings.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El cambio clim&aacute;tico se ha asociado, en los &uacute;ltimos a&ntilde;os, con el incremento en las temperaturas y la modificaci&oacute;n en la precipitaci&oacute;n en sus diversas formas, debido a un aumento de los gases efecto invernadero (IPCC, 2007), y es considerado una amenaza para la biodiversidad (McCarty, 2001), especialmente, para las especies que son end&eacute;micas o que se desarrollan en ecosistemas fr&aacute;giles (Milbau et al., 2009; Callaghan et al., 2004). Aunque es dif&iacute;cil predecir los escenarios futuros, si es posible deducir que el desplazamiento de las condiciones ambientales ser&aacute; en direcci&oacute;n de los polos o hacia las altitudes mayores (Jurado et al., 2011; Loarie et al., 2009; Parmesan, 2006).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La distribuci&oacute;n de la flora y fauna est&aacute; regulada, en gran medida, por la temperatura por lo que el cambio clim&aacute;tico traer&aacute; consigo modificaciones a la composici&oacute;n y densidad de las especies en la bi&oacute;sfera (Walther, 2010). Como un resultado de esto, los ecosistemas ser&aacute;n afectados y ser&aacute; importante conocer sus efectos sobre los taxa vegetales, que son los productores primarios (Scholze et al., 2006). Estudios recientes han demostrado que la composici&oacute;n flor&iacute;stica ha disminuido en respuesta al cambio clim&aacute;tico (Walker et al., 2006); sin embargo, se conoce muy poco acerca de c&oacute;mo y qu&eacute; tan r&aacute;pido la biodiversidad se ajustar&aacute; (Pauli et al., 1996). La sequ&iacute;as y los incrementos en temperatura provocar&aacute;n cambios en la distribuci&oacute;n de las especies o la extinci&oacute;n de las mismas (Neilson et al., 2005). Algunas tendr&aacute;n la capacidad para desplazarse a mayores altitudes (Pauli et al., 2007; Walther et al., 2005) o latitudes (Van der Putten et al., 2010; Parmesan et al., 1999), pero no solo se afectar&aacute;n negativamente a las plantas, sino que en ciertos casos se presentar&aacute;n adaptaciones a las nuevas condiciones ambientales; es decir, se volver&aacute;n m&aacute;s resistentes (Pe&ntilde;uelas y Filella, 2001).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La germinaci&oacute;n de las semillas est&aacute; muy relacionada con la temperatura (Shimono y Kudo, 2005; Baskin y Baskin, 1998), esta fase es la que se considera cr&iacute;tica para el establecimiento de plantas en ecosistemas con climas alterados. Hay taxa que germinan en un amplio intervalo de temperaturas, mientras que otros lo hacen solamente en uno muy reducido (Wang, 2010; Probert, 2000; Fenner, 1985). Poblaciones de un mismo taxon podr&iacute;an requerir de diferentes temperaturas para germinar, en funci&oacute;n de su procedencia: altas o bajas altitudes (Cavieres y Arroyo, 2000; Gim&eacute;nez&#45;Benavides et al., 2005).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El Matorral Espinoso Tamaulipeco es un tipo de vegetaci&oacute;n abundante en el noreste de M&eacute;xico, el cual tiene una alta diversidad flor&iacute;stica (Challenger y Sober&oacute;n, 2008) y tradicionalmente se ha usado como fuente de forraje y de aprovechamiento forestal (Reid et al., 1990). Resulta de inter&eacute;s determinar el posible impacto del cambio clim&aacute;tico en la distribuci&oacute;n de sus especies, en particular de las vegetales, ya que son las responsables de mantener la funci&oacute;n de los ecosistemas, adem&aacute;s son muy susceptibles en las fases iniciales de su ciclo de vida (Kitajima y Fenner, 2000). Garc&iacute;a et al. (2007) sugieren que hay elementos de la flora en esta asociaci&oacute;n que tienen la capacidad de germinar y crecer por encima de su &aacute;rea de distribuci&oacute;n actual. En el presente estudio se compara el porcentaje y la velocidad de germinaci&oacute;n de semillas de 10 especies de diferentes procedencias que ocurren en este tipo de vegetaci&oacute;n en un gradiente altitudinal.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los criterios de selecci&oacute;n fueron la importancia econ&oacute;mica y ecol&oacute;gica, a partir de los cuales resultaron elegidas: <i>Acacia berlandieri</i> Benth. (arb&oacute;rea), <i>Caesalpinia mexicana</i> Gray (arb&oacute;rea), <i>Celtis laevigata</i> Willd. (arb&oacute;rea), <i>Celtis pallida</i> Torr. (arbustiva), <i>Condalia hookeri</i> M. C. Jhonst. (arbustiva), <i>Ehretia anacua</i> I. M. Jhonst. (arb&oacute;rea), <i>Lepidium virginicum</i> L. (herb&aacute;cea ex&oacute;tica naturalizada), <i>Parkinsonia aculeata</i> L. (arb&oacute;rea), <i>Prosopis glandulosa</i> Torr. (arb&oacute;rea) y <i>Prosopis laevigata</i> Willd. (arb&oacute;rea). La recolecta de semillas se llev&oacute; a cabo durante la primavera&#45;verano de 2011, en los estados de Nuevo Le&oacute;n, San Luis Potos&iacute;, Chihuahua y Coahuila (<a href="/img/revistas/remcf/v4n17/a14c1.jpg" target="_blank">Cuadro 1</a>), a diferentes altitudes. Para cada especie/procedencia se obtuvo su germoplasma de al menos 10 plantas madre, con el fin de incluir la variaci&oacute;n gen&eacute;tica local.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En septiembre de 2011, se seleccionaron semillas que estuvieran libres de da&ntilde;o y que presentaran buena calidad, para posteriormente escarificarlas con papel lija, de manera manual. Para el dise&ntilde;o experimental se utilizaron charolas de poliestireno de 160 cavidades, con una capacidad de 121 cm<sup>3</sup>, y sustrato base compuesto de tierra de campo (60%), vermiculita (30%) y perlita (10%). La siembra se realiz&oacute; los d&iacute;as 13 y 14 de septiembre del 2011, para lo cual se colocaron dos simientes por cavidad y se hicieron 20 repeticiones por procedencia. Los contenedores se instalaron a tres diferentes altitudes (350, 550 y 1600 m) (<a href="/img/revistas/remcf/v4n17/a14c2.jpg" target="_blank">Cuadro 2</a>), dentro de jaulas de malla de alambre, con un tama&ntilde;o de cuadr&iacute;cula de 1 mm, para protegerlas de herb&iacute;voros. Se us&oacute; una malla sombra de 40% para simular d&iacute;as nublados en los que naturalmente ocurre la germinaci&oacute;n y el establecimiento de pl&aacute;ntulas. El monitoreo se llev&oacute; a cabo durante 30 d&iacute;as, en los que se aplic&oacute; riego diariamente, adem&aacute;s de evaluar el porcentaje de germinaci&oacute;n.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se hizo un An&aacute;lisis de Varianza de dos v&iacute;as de las medias del porcentaje de germinaci&oacute;n entre procedencias, altitudes y sus interacciones. Los datos previamente se transformaron con el arcoseno de la ra&iacute;z cuadrada del porcentaje. Cuando se observaron diferencias entre tratamientos (p &lt;0.05) se aplicaron pruebas de comparaci&oacute;n de medias de Tukey.</font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En el <a href="/img/revistas/remcf/v4n17/a14c3.jpg" target="_blank">Cuadro 3</a> se muestran los porcentajes de germinaci&oacute;n para las especies y sus procedencias en las tres condiciones altitudinales. Las semillas de <i>Prosopis laevigata</i> germinaron de manera similar en todas las altitudes (F =0.658, g.l.=2, P=0.524) y en las cuatro procedencias (F =1.287, g.l.=3, P=0.294). Las interacci&oacute;n no fue significativa (F =0.106, g.l.= 6, P=0.995). <i>P. glandulosa</i> present&oacute; un comportamiento similar para la variable altitud (F = 2.456, g.l.= 2, P=0.097); las procedencias de Ejido Llanos de la Uni&oacute;n y Angostura registraron un mayor porcentaje de germinaci&oacute;n (F = 2.82, g.l.= 4, P=0.035); y la interacci&oacute;n no fue significativa (F = 1.407, g.l.= 8, P=0.21).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las semillas de <i>Caesalpinia mexicana</i> de la procedencia del Ejido Rancho Viejo y la Palma tuvieron una germinaci&oacute;n m&aacute;s alta (F = 5.442, g.l.=1, P = 0.031); y todas registraron valores superiores en los sitios con 350 y 550 msnm (F = 14.351, g.l.=1, P &lt;0.001). La interacci&oacute;n no fue significativa (F = 0.681, g.l.=2, P=0.518).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Condalia hookeri</i> (F = 0.876, gl.= 2, P=0.428) y <i>Celtis pallida</i> (F = 0.49, gl.=2, P=0.655), tuvieron germinaciones similares en las cuatro procedencias; con respecto a la variable altitud, <i>C. hookeri</i> mostr&oacute; cifras superiores a 350 m y 550 m (F = 26.967, P&lt;0.001). En el caso de <i>C. pallida</i>, los valores fueron diferentes entre las altitudes (F = 19.714, g.l.=2, P &lt;0.001), con el menor porcentaje a 1 600 m. En ambas especies la interacci&oacute;n no fue significativa: <i>C. hookeri</i> (F= 0.876, gl. =4, P=0.360) y para <i>C. pallida</i> (F= 1.385, g.l.=4, P=0.265).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las semillas de <i>Ehretia anacua</i> no mostraron diferencia en el porcentaje de germinaci&oacute;n entre altitudes (F = 3.04, g.l.=2, P=0.073), pero s&iacute; para la variable procedencias (F = 19.523, g.l.=1, P&lt;0.001), donde las del ejido Los &Aacute;ngeles obtuvieron el mayor porcentaje de germinaci&oacute;n. La interacci&oacute;n fue significativa (F=10.47, g.l.=2, P&lt;0.001).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Lepidium virginicum</i> germin&oacute; m&aacute;s a 1 600m (F = 13.886, g.l.=2, P&lt;0.001); para la procedencia de San Luis Potos&iacute; se registr&oacute; la germinaci&oacute;n superior (F = 9.933, g.l.=2, P&lt;0.001). La interacci&oacute;n fue significativa (F=4.403, g.l.=4, P=0.007), en cuanto a que las semillas de San Luis Potos&iacute; y Linares tuvieron un comportamiento diferente en todas las altitudes.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las semillas de <i>Acacia berlandieri</i> presentaron porcentajes de germinaci&oacute;n similares entre las altitudes (F = 1.096, g.l.=2, P=0.355), pero no entre las dos procedencias (F = 73.192, P&lt;0.001), las semillas de Chihuahua germinaron m&aacute;s (P=0.031). La interacci&oacute;n no fue significativa (F=2.635, g.l.=2, P=0.099).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En <i>Parkinsonia acculeata</i> se determin&oacute; un porcentaje de germinaci&oacute;n igual entre altitudes (F=1.595, g.l.=2, P=0.021), y en cuatros procedencias (F=1.745, g.l.=3, P=0.175); la interacci&oacute;n no fue significativa (F=0.747, g.l.=6, P=0.616).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La germinaci&oacute;n de las semillas de <i>Celtis laevigata</i> fue menor a 1 600msnm (F = 19.714, g.l= 2, P&lt;0.001); las procedentes de Monclova registraron un porcentaje de germinaci&oacute;n superior (F = 5.022, g.l= 1, P = .0378). La interacci&oacute;n fue significativa (F=8.336, g.l.=2, P=0.002) debido a que el comportamiento de las dos procedencias fue diferente en las altitudes.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se muestran las diferencias significativas (p&lt;0.05) con diferentes letras min&uacute;sculas entre altitudes, procedencias e interacciones (I) entre altitudes y procedencia. %G= Porcentaje de germinaci&oacute;n.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La mayor&iacute;a de las especies estudiadas germinaron en las tres condiciones altitudinales (350, 550 y 1 600 m), con un amplio intervalo de porcentaje de germinaci&oacute;n entre procedencias y altitudes, el cual puede ser el causante de las diferencias interespec&iacute;ficas entre las poblaciones y de dormancia para el Lepidium virginicum (Baskin y Baskin, 1998), ya que en esta se observ&oacute; la menor germinaci&oacute;n en los tres sitios de siembra.</font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los taxa con mayor germinaci&oacute;n correspondieron con aquellas cuyo intervalo altitudinal de distribuci&oacute;n actual coincide con el gradiente estudiado: <i>P. laevigata</i> (Tapia et al., 1999), <i>P. glandulosa</i> (Ladyman, 2003), E. anacua</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">(Tropicos, 2013), <i>C. pallida</i> (P&eacute;rez y Carranza, 1999), <i>L. virginicum</i> (Vibrans, 2009) y <i>A. berlandieri</i> (Rico, 2007)). En cambio, Parkinsonia aculeata y Caesalpinia mexicana se desarrollan entre 0 y 1 300 y de 150 a 990 msnm, respectivamente (Estrada y Marroqu&iacute;n, 1991), por lo que se espera tendr&iacute;an la capacidad de desplazarse hacia localidades m&aacute;s altas (Walther et al., 2005; Pauli et al., 2007), con base en los valores altos de germinaci&oacute;n que se estimaron en el sitio ubicado a 1 600 msnm.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las procedencias de <i>Acacia berlandieri</i>, <i>Lepidium virginicum</i> y <i>Ehretia anacua</i> mostraron diferencias en el porcentaje de germinaci&oacute;n, lo cual coincide con estudios previos para otras especies (Cavieres y Arroyo, 2000). En la mayor&iacute;a de las plantas la capacidad de germinaci&oacute;n puede variar entre poblaciones e individuos (Bischoff et al., 2006), en respuesta al origen gen&eacute;tico, y a cambios fenot&iacute;picos causados por las condiciones ambientales locales de cada procedencia.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las especies con mayor porcentaje de germinaci&oacute;n en las tres altitudes (350, 550 y 1600 m) fueron <i>Caesalpinia mexicana</i>, <i>Ehretia anacua</i>, <i>Acacia berlandieri</i> y <i>Parkinsonia aculeata</i>; de ellas, &uacute;nicamente <i>E. anacua</i> y <i>A. berlandieri</i> est&aacute;n dentro de su intervalo de distribuci&oacute;n natural, caso opuesto para <i>C. mexicana</i> y <i>P. aculeata</i> que produjeron estos resultados aun en sitios por arriba de su &aacute;rea de distribuci&oacute;n.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los sitios de estudio cuentan con las condiciones adecuadas para la germinaci&oacute;n de las especies probadas, excepto para <i>L. virginicum</i>, que no germin&oacute; a 350 msnm. Los resultados de la presente investigaci&oacute;n sugieren que algunas especies pueden germinar por encima de su intervalo de distribuci&oacute;n actual y quiz&aacute;s tengan la capacidad de desplazarse hacia mayores altitudes por efecto del cambio clim&aacute;tico.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>AGRADECIMIENTOS</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Esta investigaci&oacute;n fue apoyada por el PAICYT (UANL). Se agradece a J. A. L&oacute;pez por su apoy&oacute; en el trabajo de campo.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>REFERENCIAS</b></font></p>  	    ]]></body>
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