<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-1124</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de ciencias pecuarias]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. de cienc. pecuarias]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-1124</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-11242018000400792</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22319/rmcp.v9i4.4468</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Uso de nisina y quitosano para la inhibición de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a antibióticos y asociado a mastitis bovina]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Use of nisin and chitosan for the inhibition of antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus bovine mastitis-associated]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Ceja]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mónica]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arceo-Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ma. Teresa]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sandoval-Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ma. Guadalupe]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alva-Murillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Patricia Nayeli]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez-Mejía]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rafael]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loeza-Lara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pedro Damián]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Morelia Michoacán]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de La Ciénega del Estado de Michoacán de Ocampo  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Michoacán]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Guanajuato Departamento de Biología División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Gto]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>792</fpage>
<lpage>810</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-11242018000400792&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-11242018000400792&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-11242018000400792&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: En este trabajo se describen los patrones de resistencia a antibióticos de aislados de Staphylococcus aureus obtenidos de vacas con mastitis, así como su susceptibilidad in vitro a nisina, quitosano y al compósito nisina/quitosano. A partir de muestras de leche obtenidas de vacas enfermas se aislaron e identificaron 53 S. aureus, a los cuales se les analizó el perfil de resistencia a antibióticos. Los resultados evidenciaron una alta frecuencia de resistencia hacia el grupo de los beta-lactámicos, principalmente a penicilina, dicloxacilina y ampicilina. Asimismo, se detectó multirresistencia en algunos aislados, ya que mostraron tolerancia a 3 o 4 grupos de antibióticos, destacando los aislados AMC-9 (resistente a tres grupos) y AMC-23 (resistente a cuatro grupos). También se resalta que todos los aislados fueron susceptibles a levofloxacina. Por otra parte, se analizó la susceptibilidad in vitro de los aislados a nisina, quitosano y al compósito nisina/quitosano, mediante la determinación de la concentración mínima inhibitoria. Los resultados indican que el 100 % de los aislados fue susceptible a quitosano y al compósito nisina/quitosano y el 47.1 % a la nisina. El efecto del quitosano y del compósito nisina/quitosano sobre los aislados multirresistentes AMC-9 y AMC-23 fue bactericida. Estos resultados revelan el potencial de los compuestos antimicrobianos quitosano y nisina/quitosano para ser utilizados como agentes terapéuticos contra la mastitis bovina.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: This study describes the antibiotic resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cows with mastitis, as well as their in vitro susceptibility to nisin, chitosan and the nisin/chitosan composite. From milk samples obtained from sick cows, 53 S. aureus isolated were identified, the profile of antibiotic resistance was analyzed. The results showed a high frequency of resistance to beta-lactams group, mainly penicillin, dicloxacillin and ampicillin. In addition, multiresistance was detected in some isolates, since they showed tolerance to 3 or 4 different groups of antibiotics, highlighting the isolates AMC-9 (resistant to three groups) and AMC-23 (resistant to four groups). It is also noted that all isolates were susceptible to levofloxacin. On the other hand, the in vitro susceptibility of the isolates to nisin, chitosan and the nisin/chitosan composite was analyzed determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The results indicated 100 % of the isolates were susceptible to chitosan and to the nisin/chitosan composite and 47.1 % to nisin. The effect of chitosan and nisin/chitosan composite on the multi-resistant isolates AMC-9 and AMC-23 was bactericidal. These results show the potential of the antimicrobial compounds chitosan, nisin/chitosan to be used as therapeutic agents against bovine mastitis.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Staphylococcus aureus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Mastitis bovina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Resistencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Nisina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Quitosano]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Staphylococcus aureus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Bovine mastitis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Resistance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Nisin]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Chitosan]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hillerton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EA.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Treating mastitis in the cow-a tradition or an archaism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Appl Microbiol]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>98</volume>
<page-range>1250-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kerro-Dego]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Dijk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nederbragt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Factors involved in the early pathogenesis of bovine Staphylococcus aureus mastitis with emphasis on bacterial adhesion and invasion. A review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Vet Q]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>181-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz-Murillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Medina-Estrada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Meza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ochoa-Zarzosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Defensin (-thionin from Capsicum chinense has immunomodulatory effects on bovine mammary epithelial cells during Staphylococcus aureus internalization]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Peptides]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<page-range>109-18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Almeida]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matthews]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cifrian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guidry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oliver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SP.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Staphylococcus aureus invasion of bovine mammary epithelial cells]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Dairy Sci]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>79</volume>
<page-range>1021-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buzzola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tuchscherr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barbagelata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lattar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calvinho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sordeli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DO.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Differential abilities of capsulated and noncapsulated Staphylococcus aureus isolates from diverse agr groups to invade mammary epithelial cells]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Infect Immun]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>75</volume>
<page-range>886-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barlow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mastitis therapy and antimicrobial susceptibility: a multispecies review with a focus on antibiotic treatment of mastitis in dairy cattle]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<page-range>383-407</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bouchard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rault]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berkova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Even]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus Invasion into bovine mammary epithelial cells by contact with live Lactobacillus casei]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Appl Microbiol]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>79</volume>
<page-range>877-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holmes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zadoks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RN.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in human and bovine mastitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<page-range>373-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sakwinska]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morisset]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Madec]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waldvogel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreillon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haenni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Link between genotype and antimicrobial resistance in bovine mastitis-related Staphylococcus aureus strains, determined by comparing Swiss and French isolates from the Rhone Valley]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Appl Microbiol]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<page-range>3428-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piddock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LJV.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Does the use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine and animal husbandry select antibiotic resistant bacteria that infect man and compromise antimicrobial chemotherapy?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Antimicrob Chemother]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<page-range>1-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Godden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boxrud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jawahir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bender]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sreevatsana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus, including Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from bulk tank milk from Minnesota dairy farms]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Microbiol]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>688-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An in vitro study on the effects of nisin on the antibacterial activities of 18 antibiotics against Enterococcus faecalis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Plos One]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<page-range>1-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morais]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[STB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Assis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OBG.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of chitosan and its quaternized derivative on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus growth]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Bras Farmacog]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>122-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Felicio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oliveira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lempk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pires]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ACS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lelis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of nisin on Staphylococcus aureus count and physicochemical properties of Minas Frescal cheese]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Dairy Sci]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>98</volume>
<page-range>1-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of chitin and its derivative chitosan on postharvest decay of fruits: A review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Mol Sci]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>917-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Mata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz-Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva-Beltrán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ornelas-Paz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zamudio-Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burruel-Ibarra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Physicochemical, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of chitosan films incorporated with carvacrol]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Molecules]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<page-range>13735-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>SIAP. Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brakstad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aasbakk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maeland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Detection of Staphylococcus aureus by polymerase chain reaction amplification of the nuc gene]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Microbiol]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<page-range>1654-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pospiech]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neumann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A versatile quick-prep of genomic DNA from Gram-positive bacteria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Trends Genet]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>217-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ochoa-Zarzosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loeza-Lara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loeza-Ángeles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mascot-Chiquito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Baca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Antimicrobial susceptibility and invasive ability of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from mastitis from dairy backyard systems]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anton Leeuw J]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>94</volume>
<page-range>199-206</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>CLSI.</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<edition>27th</edition>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Srinivasan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rajamohan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pancholi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stevenson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tadesse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patchanee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Genetic relatedness and molecular characterization of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in central Ohio, USA]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>1-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hammou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Skali]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Idaomar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abrini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The antimicrobial effect of Origanum compactum essential oil, nisin and their combination against Escherichia coli in tryptic soy broth (TSB) and in sheep natural sausage casings during storage at 25 and 7° C]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Afr J Biotechnol]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>15998-6005</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tiang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of chitosan on control of postharvest diseases and physiological responses of tomato fruit]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Postharvest Biol Technol]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<page-range>300-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zohri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alavidjeh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haririan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ardestani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ebrahimi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SES]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A comparative study between the antibacterial effect of nisin and nisin-loaded chitosan/alginate nanoparticles on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in raw and pasteurized milk samples]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Probiotics Antimicro Prot]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>258-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Núñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Cervantes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Machado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez-Wong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres-Chávez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortez-Rocha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MO.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Antimicrobial activity of chitosan-based films against Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Food Sci Tech]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<page-range>2127-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andrews]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Antimicrob Chemother]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<page-range>5-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mirdamani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aghaghazvini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ehsani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Falahpour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tafreshi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SH.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Inhibitory efficacy of Lactococcus lactis on food borne pathogens and food spoilage bacteria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Biotechnol]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>136</volume>
<page-range>48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Szweda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schielmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frankowska]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zalewska]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from cows with mastitis in Eastern Poland and analysis of susceptibility of resistant strains to alternative nonantibiotic agents: lysostaphin, nisin and polimyxin B]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Med Vet Sci]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>76</volume>
<page-range>355-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bedolla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ponce de León]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MER.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pérdidas económicas ocasionadas por la mastitis bovina en la industria lechera]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Redvet]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<page-range>1-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[León-Galván]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barboza-Corona]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lechuga-Arana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valencia-Posadas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguayo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cedillo-Pelaez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Biomed Res Int]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blake]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ChP]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Randall]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Neill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[In vitro studies indicate a high resistance potential for the lantibiotic nisin in Staphylococcus aureus and define a genetic basis for nisin resistance]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Antimicrob Agents Chemother]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<page-range>2362-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andersson DI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hughes]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[D]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kubicek-Sutherland JZ.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mechanisms and consequences of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial peptides]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Drug Resist Update]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>43-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[XG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xing]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HJ.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Antimicrobial properties of chitosan and mode of action: A state of the art review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Food Microbiol]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>144</volume>
<page-range>51-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cotter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ross]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RP.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bacteriocins: Developing innate immunity for food]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Rev Microbiol]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>777-88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maisetta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sandreschi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gazzarri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bartoli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grassi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chiellini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Batoni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with the antimicrobial peptide temporin B exert a long-term antibacterial activity in vitro against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Frontiers Microbiol]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>1-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tareq]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sarwar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fardous]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alamgir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparative study of antibacterial activity of chitin and chemically treated chitosan prepared from shrimp (Macrobrachium Rosenbergii) shell waste]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Virol Microbiol]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
