<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-0934</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de ciencias agrícolas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agríc]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-0934</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-09342015000700016</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Aislamiento de actinomicetos asociados a rizosfera de árboles de manzano antagónicos a Fusarium equiseti]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Isolation of actinomycetes associated to apple trees rhizosphere antagonistic to Fusarium equiseti]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Corral]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel Alonso]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nancy Yasmín]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallegos-Morales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz-Cisneros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Fernanda]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berlanga-Reyes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ríos-Velasco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Claudio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C.  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cuauhtémoc Chihuahua]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro Departamento de Parasitología Agrícola ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Saltillo Coahuila]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<fpage>1629</fpage>
<lpage>1638</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-09342015000700016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-09342015000700016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-09342015000700016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Los árboles de manzano Malus domestica, Borkh. son susceptibles al ataque de una gran diversidad de fitopatógenos, entre los que se encuentran los hongos causantes de enfermedades radiculares, los cuales son controlados con fungicidas sintéticos. Sin embargo, debido a su aplicación indiscriminada, se ha reducido su efectividad y uso. Una alternativa para revertir esta problemática, es el control biológico, mediante la integración de microorganismos antagónicos, por lo que el objetivo del estudio fue aislar actinomicetos nativos de suelos en huertos de manzano del estado de Chihuahua, México, con actividad antagónica a Fusarium equiseti. El estudio fue realizado en el Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Unidad Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua durante 2013-2014. Para lo cual, se recolectaron muestras de suelo cercano a la rizosfera de árboles de manzano en huertos de cuatro municipios productores del estado de Chihuahua. Para el aislamiento de los actinomicetos, se realizaron diluciones seriadas de las muestras de suelo en agua peptonada estéril y colocándolas por la técnica de difusión en placa, en diez medios de cultivo artificiales semi-selectivos. Las colonias de actinomicetos fueron aisladas y purificadas para posteriormente ser confrontadas in vitro contra el hongo fitopatógeno F. equiseti. Se obtuvieron 710 aislados, dentro de los cuales 222 presentaron actividad antagónica a este hongo fitopatógeno al día 5 post-confrontación y 69 conservaron el antagonismo al día 10 post-confrontación. La alta abundancia de aislados y la proporción que mostró antagonismo a F. equiseti, muestra el potencial y la oportunidad de evaluarlos in vitro e in vivo contra una gran diversidad de hongos y bacterias fitopatógenas del manzano, así como de otros cultivos de interés agrícola.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Apple trees Malus domestica Borkh are susceptible to attacks from a wide variety of pathogens, among which are the fungi that cause root diseases, which are controlled with synthetic fungicides. However, due to its indiscriminate application, its effectiveness and use has declined.An alternative to reverse this problem is biological control, through the integration of antagonistic microorganisms, so the aim of the study was to isolate native actinomycetes from apple orchards soils in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico, with antagonistic activity to Fusarium equiseti. The study was conducted at the Centro de Investigación enAlimentación y Desarrollo, A. C. (CIAD), Unit Cuauhtemoc, Chihuahua during 2013-2014. For this purpose, soil samples near the rhizosphere from apple trees in orchards from four producing municipalities in the state of Chihuahua were collected. For isolation of actinomycetes, serial dilutions of the soil samples in sterile peptone water were made and then poured on a plate by the diffusion method, on ten semi-selective mediums, were made. Actinomycetes colonies were isolated and purified, and then be confronted in vitro against phytopathogenic fungus F. equiseti. 710 isolates were obtained, from which 222 had antagonistic activity to the phytopathogenic fungus at day 5 after confrontation and 69 retained antagonisms to day 10 post-confrontation. The high abundance of isolates and the proportion that showed antagonism to F. equiseti, shows the potential and the opportunity to evaluate them in vitro and in vivo against a wide variety of plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria from apple and other crops of agricultural interest.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Malus domestica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Streptomyces spp.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[antagonismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[hongos fitopatógenos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[rizosfera]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Malus domestica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Streptomyces spp.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[antagonism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[phytopathogenic fungi]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[rhizosphere]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Art&iacute;culos</font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Aislamiento de actinomicetos asociados a rizosfera de &aacute;rboles de manzano antag&oacute;nicos a <i>Fusarium equiseti*</i></b></font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="3"><b>Isolation of actinomycetes associated to apple trees rhizosphere antagonistic to <i>Fusarium equiseti</i></b></font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Daniel Alonso P&eacute;rez&#45;Corral<sup>1</sup>, Nancy Yasm&iacute;n Garc&iacute;a&#45;Gonz&aacute;lez<sup>2</sup>, Gabriel Gallegos&#45;Morales<sup>2</sup>, Mar&iacute;a Fernanda Ruiz&#45;Cisneros<sup>1</sup>, David I. Berlanga&#45;Reyes<sup>1</sup> y Claudio R&iacute;os&#45;Velasco<sup>1&sect;</sup></b></font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup><i>1</i></sup> <i>Centro de Investigaci&oacute;n en Alimentaci&oacute;n y Desarrollo A. C. Unidad Cuauht&eacute;moc, Av. R&iacute;o Conchos S/N Parque Industrial, C. P. 31570, Cuauht&eacute;moc, Chihuahua.</i> (<a href="mailto:alonso.perez@estudiantes.ciad.mx">alonso.perez@estudiantes.ciad.mx</a>; <a href="mailto:fernanda.ruiz@estudiantes.ciad.mx">fernanda.ruiz@estudiantes.ciad.mx</a>; <a href="mailto:dberlanga@ciad.mx">dberlanga@ciad.mx</a>).</font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup><i>2</i></sup> <i>Universidad Aut&oacute;noma Agraria Antonio Narro, Departamento de Parasitolog&iacute;a Agr&iacute;cola, Calzada Antonio Narro 1923 Buenavista, C. P. 25315, Saltillo, Coahuila, M&eacute;xico.</i> (<a href="mailto:yas2903@gmail.com">yas2903@gmail.com</a>; <a href="mailto:gabgalmor@yahoo.com.mx">gabgalmor@yahoo.com.mx</a>). &sect;Autor para correspondencia: <a href="mailto:claudio.rios@ciad.mx">claudio.rios@ciad.mx</a>.</font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">* Recibido: enero de 2015    <br> 	Aceptado: abril de 2015</font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los &aacute;rboles de manzano <i>Malus domestica,</i> Borkh. son susceptibles al ataque de una gran diversidad de fitopat&oacute;genos, entre los que se encuentran los hongos causantes de enfermedades radiculares, los cuales son controlados con fungicidas sint&eacute;ticos. Sin embargo, debido a su aplicaci&oacute;n indiscriminada, se ha reducido su efectividad y uso. Una alternativa para revertir esta problem&aacute;tica, es el control biol&oacute;gico, mediante la integraci&oacute;n de microorganismos antag&oacute;nicos, por lo que el objetivo del estudio fue aislar actinomicetos nativos de suelos en huertos de manzano del estado de Chihuahua, M&eacute;xico, con actividad antag&oacute;nica a <i>Fusarium equiseti.</i> El estudio fue realizado en el Centro de Investigaci&oacute;n en Alimentaci&oacute;n y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Unidad Cuauht&eacute;moc, Chihuahua durante 2013&#45;2014. Para lo cual, se recolectaron muestras de suelo cercano a la rizosfera de &aacute;rboles de manzano en huertos de cuatro municipios productores del estado de Chihuahua. Para el aislamiento de los actinomicetos, se realizaron diluciones seriadas de las muestras de suelo en agua peptonada est&eacute;ril y coloc&aacute;ndolas por la t&eacute;cnica de difusi&oacute;n en placa, en diez medios de cultivo artificiales semi&#45;selectivos. Las colonias de actinomicetos fueron aisladas y purificadas para posteriormente ser confrontadas <i>in vitro</i> contra el hongo fitopat&oacute;geno <i>F. equiseti.</i> Se obtuvieron 710 aislados, dentro de los cuales 222 presentaron actividad antag&oacute;nica a este hongo fitopat&oacute;geno al d&iacute;a 5 post&#45;confrontaci&oacute;n y 69 conservaron el antagonismo al d&iacute;a 10 post&#45;confrontaci&oacute;n. La alta abundancia de aislados y la proporci&oacute;n que mostr&oacute; antagonismo a <i>F. equiseti,</i> muestra el potencial y la oportunidad de evaluarlos <i>in vitro</i> e <i>in vivo</i> contra una gran diversidad de hongos y bacterias fitopat&oacute;genas del manzano, as&iacute; como de otros cultivos de inter&eacute;s agr&iacute;cola.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave:</b> <i>Malus domestica, Streptomyces</i> spp., antagonismo, hongos fitopat&oacute;genos, rizosfera.</font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Apple trees <i>Malus domestica</i> Borkh are susceptible to attacks from a wide variety of pathogens, among which are the fungi that cause root diseases, which are controlled with synthetic fungicides. However, due to its indiscriminate application, its effectiveness and use has declined.An alternative to reverse this problem is biological control, through the integration of antagonistic microorganisms, so the aim of the study was to isolate native actinomycetes from apple orchards soils in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico, with antagonistic activity to <i>Fusarium equiseti.</i> The study was conducted at the Centro de Investigaci&oacute;n enAlimentaci&oacute;n y Desarrollo, A. C. (CIAD), Unit Cuauhtemoc, Chihuahua during 2013&#45;2014. For this purpose, soil samples near the rhizosphere from apple trees in orchards from four producing municipalities in the state of Chihuahua were collected. For isolation of actinomycetes, serial dilutions of the soil samples in sterile peptone water were made and then poured on a plate by the diffusion method, on ten semi&#45;selective mediums, were made. Actinomycetes colonies were isolated and purified, and then be confronted <i>in vitro</i> against phytopathogenic fungus <i>F. equiseti.</i> 710 isolates were obtained, from which 222 had antagonistic activity to the phytopathogenic fungus at day 5 after confrontation and 69 retained antagonisms to day 10 post&#45;confrontation. The high abundance of isolates and the proportion that showed antagonism to <i>F. equiseti,</i> shows the potential and the opportunity to evaluate them <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> against a wide variety of plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria from apple and other crops of agricultural interest.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords:</b> <i>Malus domestica, Streptomyces</i> spp., antagonism, phytopathogenic fungi, rhizosphere.</font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Introducci&oacute;n</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La fruticultura, es una de las principales actividades econ&oacute;micas en el estado de Chihuahua, en particular del manzano (<i>Malus domestica</i> Borkh.). La regi&oacute;n manzanera est&aacute; constituida por los municipios de Bach&iacute;niva, Cuauht&eacute;moc, Guerrero y Namiquipa; conocida como la zona productora m&aacute;s importante de Latinoam&eacute;rica (SIAP&#45;SAGARPA, 2013). La producci&oacute;n de este frutal es inestable debido en parte, a la presencia de plagas insectiles y enfermedades, el costo de su manejo depende del grado de tecnificaci&oacute;n de los huertos, representando 22.2% de los costos totales de producci&oacute;n en huertos con alta tecnificaci&oacute;n y 10.6% con mediana tecnificaci&oacute;n, donde el costo del manejo de enfermedades causadas por hongos y bacterias en huertos de alta tecnificaci&oacute;n asciende al 57% (Ram&iacute;rez&#45;Legarreta y Jacobo&#45;Cu&eacute;llar, 2002).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Por lo que, las enfermedades son de mayor inter&eacute;s, debido a la gran diversidad de fitopat&oacute;genos presentes en la rizosfera, principalmente hongos tales como <i>Fusarium</i> spp. (Tewoldemedhin <i>et al.,</i> 2011), <i>Phymatotrichopsis omnivora</i> (Samaniego&#45;Gaxiola, 2007), <i>Armillaria</i> spp., <i>Rhizoctonia</i> spp., <i>Alternaria</i> spp. (Serdani <i>et al.,</i> 2002), <i>Rosellinia necatrix</i> (ten Hoopen y Krauss, 2006), <i>Nectria</i> spp., y Oomicetos como <i>Phytophthora cactorum</i> (Hantula <i>et al.</i>, 2000), <i>Pythium</i> spp. (Mostowfizadeh&#45;Ghalamfarsa y Banihashemi, 2005), entre otros. Su control depende de la aplicaci&oacute;n de fungicidas sint&eacute;ticos como una herramienta usada com&uacute;nmente; sin embargo, su empleo se ha restringido debido a su poca eficiencia por un manejo inadecuado, a la inducci&oacute;n de resistencia en los hongos y Oomicetos blanco y no blanco, eliminaci&oacute;n de microorganismos antag&oacute;nicos nativos y afectaci&oacute;n a la salud humana (Harris <i>et al.</i>, 2001).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Por lo cual, la integraci&oacute;n de microorganismos antagonistas presentes en la rizosfera de sistemas agr&iacute;colas, es una alternativa viable al uso de productos qu&iacute;micos para la protecci&oacute;n de cultivos (Berg <i>et al.,</i> 1996; Whipps, 2001). Los microorganismos antagonistas m&aacute;s utilizados son bacterias del g&eacute;nero <i>Bacillus</i> spp. (Kumar <i>et al.,</i> 2012), hongos (<i>Trichoderma</i> spp.) (Bell <i>et al.,</i> 1982) y actinomicetos <i>(Streptomyces</i> spp.) (Ezziyyani <i>et al.,</i> 2004). Estos &uacute;ltimos son un grupo de bacterias filamentosas Gram&#45;positivas, con alto contenido de guanina&#45;citosina en su genoma, se encuentran en diversos ecosistemas naturales y agroecosistemas, son heter&oacute;trofos y viven en materia org&aacute;nica en descomposici&oacute;n actuando como descomponedores (Goodfellow y Williams, 1983; Mayfield <i>et al.,</i> 1972; Juo y Franzluebbers, 2003), adem&aacute;s tienen la capacidad de producir una amplia variedad de antibi&oacute;ticos y enzimas extracelulares (Kavitha <i>et al.,</i> 2010), los cuales pueden inhibir el crecimiento de algunos pat&oacute;genos (Valois <i>et al.,</i> 1996; El&#45;Tarabily <i>et al.,</i> 2000).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Adem&aacute;s tienen la capacidad de colonizar la superficie radicular de las plantas, protegi&eacute;ndola contra fitopat&oacute;genos del suelo (Crawford <i>et al.,</i> 1993), por lo que han sido reconocidos como antagonistas potenciales de hongos fitopat&oacute;genos (El&#45;Abyad <i>et al.,</i> 1993). Dado lo anterior, el objetivo del estudio fue aislar actinomicetos nativos en huertos de manzano del estado de Chihuahua, con potencial antag&oacute;nico a hongos fitopat&oacute;genos, permitiendo desarrollar informaci&oacute;n sobre la abundancia y distribuci&oacute;n de actinomicetos antag&oacute;nicos.</font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Materiales y m&eacute;todos</b></font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Ubicaci&oacute;n del sitio experimental. Se recolectaron muestras de suelo (800 &#45; 900 g) cercano a la rizosfera (10 &#45; 15 cm de profundidad) de cinco &aacute;rboles de manzano, ubicados en los cuatro puntos cardinales y el centro del &aacute;rea total de los huertos (Bagyaraj y Rangaswami, 2007), durante el periodo junio&#45;julio de 2013 en cinco huertos de los municipios de Bach&iacute;niva, Cuauht&eacute;moc, Guerrero y Namiquipa, del estado de Chihuahua, posteriormente se hicieron muestras compuestas de 250 g por huerto, obteniendo un total de 20 (<a href="/img/revistas/remexca/v6n7/a16c1.jpg" target="_blank">Cuadro 1</a>).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Aislamiento de actinomicetos. De las muestras obtenidas se realizaron diluciones seriadas (1:10), en tubos de ensaye con 9 mL de agua peptonada est&eacute;ril (0.1% de peptona y 0.85% de NaCl en agua destilada), agregando 1 g de suelo (previamente tamizado), hasta obtener las diluciones 10<sup>&#45;5</sup>, 10<sup>&#45;6</sup> y 10<sup>&#45;7</sup>, de las cuales se tomaron 50 <i>&#956;</i>L y se sembraron por duplicado mediante la t&eacute;cnica de difusi&oacute;n en cajas de Petri de 90 mm de di&aacute;metro, que conten&iacute;an uno de los siguientes medios de cultivo artificiales semi&#45;selectivos para el aislamiento de actinomicetos: Agar de Bennett (AB), Agar Nutritivo Glicerol (ANG), Ashby's Glucosa Agar (ASH), Czapek Peptona Agar (CPA), Czapek Dox Agar con 3% Glucosa (CZAS), Glicerol Glicina Agar (GGA), Gauze's Medio No. 1 (GAU), GYM <i>Streptomyces</i> Agar (GYM), Oatmeal Agar (OAT) y Agar Jugo de Vegetales V8 (V8) (Atlas, 2010). Posteriormente se incubaron a 28 &deg;C durante 15&#45;22 d, observando peri&oacute;dicamente las colonias t&iacute;picas de los actinomicetos, las cuales fueron asiladas y purificadas en Papa&#45;Dextrosa&#45;Agar (PDA), e incubadas a 28 &deg;C por 10&#45;12 d en una c&aacute;mara de crecimiento (Precision Scientific).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Identificaci&oacute;n morfol&oacute;gica de aislados. La identificaci&oacute;n se realiz&oacute; de acuerdo a Shirling y Gottlieb (1966), incubando los actinomicetos seleccionados en PDA, ISP2, ISP3 e ISP4 a 28 &deg;C durante 7 d para promover el crecimiento de estructuras de esporulaci&oacute;n y ser identificados mediante sus caracter&iacute;sticas macrosc&oacute;picas tales como: color de la colonia, producci&oacute;n de pigmentos y caracter&iacute;sticas de micelio, y mediante sus caracter&iacute;sticas microsc&oacute;picas como la presencia de esporas y arreglo de estructuras de esporulaci&oacute;n, para lo cual se realizaron tinciones de Gram y fueron examinados en un microscopio compuesto (Carl Zeiss), con un aumento de 1 000 X.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Confrontaciones <i>in vitro.</i> Los actinomicetos aislados se confrontaron <i>in vitro</i> contra el fitopat&oacute;geno <i>F. equiseti,</i> del cepario de CIAD, A. C. previamente identificado. Cabe se&ntilde;alar que se eligi&oacute; a esta especie debido a su r&aacute;pido crecimiento en el medio Czapek&#45;Dox&#45;Agar (CDA). Cada antagonista se sembr&oacute; de acuerdo a la metodolog&iacute;a descrita por Castillo&#45;Fabela <i>et al.</i> (2001) con modificaciones, mediante obtenci&oacute;n de explantes de la colonia con sacabocados de 5 mm de di&aacute;metro y colocaci&oacute;n en los cuatro puntos cardinales de la caja de Petri conteniendo CDA (Sigma Aldrich, M&eacute;xico), incub&aacute;ndose por 10 d a 28 &deg;C. En el &uacute;ltimo d&iacute;a de incubaci&oacute;n se coloc&oacute; un papel filtro de 6 mm de di&aacute;metro impregnado con conidias y micelio del fitopat&oacute;geno en el centro de la caja de Petri e incub&aacute;ndose nuevamente a las mismas condiciones.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Como testigo, se sembr&oacute; el hongo fitopat&oacute;geno, colocando un papel filtro impregnado con conidias y micelio en el centro de la caja de Petri con CDA. El crecimiento radial de la colonia de <i>F. equiseti</i> confrontado ante cada actinomiceto y del testigo fue medido diariamente. El mismo d&iacute;a en que el testigo llen&oacute; la caja de Petri, se registr&oacute; y determin&oacute; la capacidad antag&oacute;nica en las confrontadas con los actinomicetos, para lo cual se utiliz&oacute; una escala subjetiva arbitraria propuesta para tal fin (<a href="#f1">Figura 1</a>).</font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a name="f1"></a></font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/remexca/v6n7/a16f1.jpg"></font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resultados y discusi&oacute;n</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Aislamiento de actinomicetos. Mediante el uso de los 10 medios de cultivo, se obtuvieron 710 aislados de actinomicetos. Los medios con los cuales se aisl&oacute; el mayor n&uacute;mero de actinomicetos fueron: V8, GUA y GYM, con 19.4, 18.9 y 14.2% respectivamente, del total obtenido. El medio del cual se aisl&oacute; la menor cantidad de actinomicetos fue OAT con 0.9% del total (<a href="/img/revistas/remexca/v6n7/a16c2.jpg" target="_blank">Cuadro 2</a>). El medio OAT (ISP3) es reconocido por parte del ISP (International Streptomyces Project) como uno de los m&aacute;s efectivos para la caracterizaci&oacute;n de actinomicetos (Shirling y Gottlieb, 1966), sin embargo, no result&oacute; efectivo para el aislamiento en este estudio. Las diferencias encontradas en el n&uacute;mero de actinomicetos aislados, con relaci&oacute;n a los diferentes medios se debe generalmente al contenido de nutrientes en cada uno de ellos y a los requerimientos por parte de los microorganismos (Buyer, 1995; Tsoraeva y Zhurbenko, 2000; Vieira y Nahas, 2005). Sin embargo, los actinomicetos presentan versatilidad nutricional (Prosser y Palleroni, 1978; Srinivasan <i>et al.,</i> 1991) y en la mayor&iacute;a de los casos al usar medios formulados se encuentran diferencias cuantitativas en los aislados, inclusive de la misma muestra de suelo (Goodfellow y Williams, 1983).</font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Cabe mencionar, que en todos los municipios evaluados se encontr&oacute; una gran cantidad de actinomicetos, no dependiendo del nivel de tecnificaci&oacute;n de los huertos; sin embargo, es importante se&ntilde;alar que en algunos huertos muestreados, se realizan aplicaciones de materia org&aacute;nica, lo cual favorece el establecimiento de estos microrganismos (Kamal <i>et al.</i>, 2010), o debido al tipo de suelo presente (Vruggink, 1976; Crawford <i>et al.,</i> 1993). El municipio con el mayor n&uacute;mero de aislados de actinomicetos fue Namiquipa con 214 (30.1%), seguido de Bach&iacute;niva con 201 (28.3%), Guerrero con 158 (22.3%) y Cuauht&eacute;moc con 137 (19.3%). Al respecto Xue <i>et al.</i> (2013) reportan una gran cantidad de actinomicetos aislados de riz&oacute;sfera de diferentes cultivos agr&iacute;colas, consider&aacute;ndola como una gran fuente y reservorio de estos microorganismos.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Identificaci&oacute;n morfol&oacute;gica de aislados. La mayor&iacute;a de los aislados presentaron micelio a&eacute;reo en colonias adheridas al medio de crecimiento con bordes irregulares, de consistencia suave y compacta, con diferentes pigmentaciones como diferentes tonalidades de caf&eacute;, amarillo y violeta, principalmente. En cuanto a la morfolog&iacute;a microsc&oacute;pica observada mediante tinci&oacute;n de Gram corresponde a bacterias filamentosas Gram positivas, presentando cadenas de esporas, en forma recta, flexible, bucles abiertos y espiral (Shirling y Gottlieb, 1966) (<a href="#f2">Figura 2</a>). La mayor&iacute;a de los aislados presentaron caracter&iacute;sticas morfol&oacute;gicas correspondientes al g&eacute;nero <i>Streptomyces.</i> Al respecto Mayfield <i>et al.</i> (1972) mencionan que 90% de los actinomicetos aislados de una gran diversidad de h&aacute;bitats pertenecen al g&eacute;nero <i>Streptomyces.</i></font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a name="f2"></a></font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/remexca/v6n7/a16f2.jpg"></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Confrontaciones <i>in vitro.</i> De los 710 actinomicetos aislados, 222 mostraron actividad antag&oacute;nica <i>in vitro</i> contra <i>Fusarium equiseti,</i> aislados en su mayor&iacute;a con los medios GAU y V8. La capacidad antag&oacute;nica de los aislados se monitore&oacute; hasta los 10 d post&#45;confrontaci&oacute;n y se encontr&oacute; que solo 69 de las 222 conservaron su capacidad antag&oacute;nica (<a href="/img/revistas/remexca/v6n7/a16c2.jpg" target="_blank">Cuadro 2</a>), esto se debi&oacute; posiblemente a que los hongos poseen diversos mecanismos de defensa hacia los microorganismos antagonistas (Duffy <i>et al.,</i> 2003), tales como activaci&oacute;n metab&oacute;lica en la producci&oacute;n de sustancias reductoras, enzimas implicadas en la compactaci&oacute;n de activos, hidroxilaci&oacute;n de compuestos hidrocarburos, detoxificaci&oacute;n de vol&aacute;tiles, as&iacute; como bios&iacute;ntesis de melaninas, que act&uacute;an como esponjas para atrapar radicales libres (Kinderlerer, 1993; Levy <i>et al.,</i> 1992; Osbourn <i>et al.,</i> 1996; Schoonbeek <i>et al.,</i> 2002).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En cuanto a la capacidad antag&oacute;nica <i>in vitro</i> contra <i>F. equiseti</i> de los diferentes aislados de actinomicetos, 14 inhibieron por completo el crecimiento de <i>F. equiseti</i> al d&eacute;cimo d&iacute;a pos&#45;confrontaci&oacute;n (<a href="/img/revistas/remexca/v6n7/a16c2.jpg" target="_blank">Cuadros 2</a> y <a href="/img/revistas/remexca/v6n7/a16c3.jpg" target="_blank">3</a>), posiblemente por la acci&oacute;n fungist&aacute;tica o fungicida debido a la producci&oacute;n de sustancias biocidas o antibi&oacute;ticos que se difunden a trav&eacute;s del medio de cultivo (Fonseca&#45;Ardila <i>et al.,</i> 2011). Al respecto, diversos autores manifiestan que los actinomicetos son una alternativa con gran potencial para ser usados como agentes de control biol&oacute;gico de <i>Fusarium</i> spp. (Gopalakrishnan <i>et al.,</i> 2011), incluyendo a <i>F. equiseti,</i> y otros hongos fitopat&oacute;genos (Crawford <i>et al.,</i> 1993; Al&#45;Askar <i>et al.,</i> 2011; D&aacute;vila Medina <i>et al.,</i> 2013; Xue <i>et al.,</i> 2013; Evangelista&#45;Martinez, 2014).</font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Conclusiones</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El estudio mostr&oacute; una gran cantidad de actinomicetos nativos presentes en los diferentes suelos de huertos de manzano en el estado de Chihuahua, as&iacute; como la capacidad antag&oacute;nica de m&aacute;s del 31 % de los aislados encontrados al ser confrontados <i>in vitro</i> contra <i>F. equiseti,</i> por lo que, pueden ser usados como agentes de control biol&oacute;gico de <i>Fusarium</i> spp. y de una gran diversidad de hongos fitopat&oacute;genos de inter&eacute;s agr&iacute;cola.</font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    ]]></body>
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