<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-0705</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Nova scientia]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Nova scientia]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-0705</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de La Salle Bajío A. C., Coordinación de Investigación]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-07052016000200278</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Evaluation of three different positions of laparoscopic ports for Nissen fundoplication in rabbits]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Evaluación de tres diferentes posiciones de los puertos de entrada para la funduplicatura de Nissen laparoscópica en conejos]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Alarcón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos Arturo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maciel-Salas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Ángel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivera-Barreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ramón]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Staines-Orozco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hugo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz-Buitrago]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jhon Didier]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández-López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beristain-Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diana Marcela]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad Juárez Chihuahua]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez Departamento de Ciencias Médicas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad Juárez Chihuahua]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad CES Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín Antioquia]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>17</numero>
<fpage>278</fpage>
<lpage>289</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-07052016000200278&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-07052016000200278&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-07052016000200278&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction: Paediatric laparoscopic surgery provides new challenges for surgeons; therefore there is a need for adequate training before performing procedures directly on patients. Several different models were designed for training, including both virtual simulators and live animals. However, training with animal models is the most appropriate method for surgical instruction, as it reproduces similar surgical conditions. The objective of this study was to establish the best localization of surgical ports for Nissen fundoplication in rabbit cadavers for both experimental and teaching purposes.  Method: The research was conducted using six New Zealand white rabbit cadavers. The location of the trocars was established by two veterinary and one paediatric with experience in laparoscopy surgery. The model was evaluated by four paediatric surgeons. A 5 mm trocar was used, and a laparoscope of 5 mm and 30° attached to a microcamera was inserted. The abdomen was insufflated (to a pressure of 6-8 mm Hg). The placement of secondary trocars was conducted with direct visualization. Diverse factors were considered to establish the location of the trocars such the anatomy of the rabbit stomach and esophagus, laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication performed in rabbits with conventional laparoscopic instruments, and the length of paediatric laparoscopic instruments. Three approaches were repeated in order to locate a satisfactory view of the surgical area. Every position of the ports received a score: one point was scored when the instrumentation was crossed, one point when the organs were too far away to manipulate, and one point when the organs were too close to manipulate. The position was considered ideal when a zero value was obtained. Fleiss Kappa coefficient for 4 raters was used to estimate the level of concordance between observers.  Results: It was possible to obtain a value of zero in the latter approach. The position of the trocars was established in the following way: the telescope port positioned at midline 1.6 cm caudal to the umbilical scar (2.0 cm with insufflation), and with the secondary ports placed slightly lateral to the third mammary glands. To establish the exact location of these trocars a point was established at 1.5 cm caudal to the telescope trocar. After forming an angle of 90°, 3.3 cm were measured on each side. These last measures were taken with the abdomen insufflated.  Discussion or Conclusion: In this research was established the appropriate positions of the working ports, without causing fatigue of the operator&#8217;s wrist joint and with adequate space for comfortable movement. In addition, this would also reduce the use of live rabbits for the establishment of the ports in future research, accepting the concept of the three "Rs" for animal experimentation. With these models was obtained an excellent view of the surgical field without interference between the instruments and telescope.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción: La cirugía laparoscópica pediátrica establece nuevos desafíos para los cirujanos; Consecuentemente, existe la necesidad de una formación adecuada antes de realizar los procedimientos directamente en los pacientes. Han sido diseñados diferentes modelos para el entrenamiento quirúrgico, incluyendo simuladores virtuales y animales vivos. Sin embargo, el entrenamiento con modelos animales es el método más apropiado para la instrucción quirúrgica, puesto que reproduce condiciones quirúrgicas similares. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la localización adecuada de los puertos de entrada para la fundoplicatura de Nissen en cadáveres de conejos, tanto para fines experimentales como de enseñanza.  Método: El estudio fue llevado a cabo usando seis cadáveres de conejo Nueva Zelanda. La ubicación de los trocares fue establecida por dos veterinarios y un pediatra con experiencia en cirugía laparoscópica. El modelo fue evaluado por cuatro cirujanos pediatras. Se utilizó un trocar de 5 mm, y se insertó un laparoscopio de 5 mm con 30° conectado a una micro-cámara. Se insufló el abdomen (a una presión de 6-8 mm Hg). La colocación de trocares secundarios se realizó con visualización directa. Para establecer la ubicación de los trocares se consideraron varios factores como la anatomía del estómago y esófago del conejo, la realización de la fundoplicatura laparoscópica de Nissen en conejos con instrumental laparoscópico convencional y la longitud de los instrumentos laparoscópicos pediátricos. Se realizaron tres abordajes con el fin de establecer una vista satisfactoria de la zona quirúrgica. A cada posición nueva de los puertos se les asignó una puntuación: un punto cuando existió cruce de los instrumentos, un punto cuando los órganos estaban demasiado lejos para manipular y un punto cuando estaban muy cerca para manipular. La posición se consideró ideal cuando el valor fue cero. Para estimar el grado de concordancia entre observadores se utilizó el coeficiente Kappa de Fleiss para 4 observadores.  Resultados: Fue posible obtener un valor de cero en el último abordaje. La posición de los trócares quedó establecida de la siguiente manera: el puerto del telescopio fue colocado en la línea media 1,6 cm caudal a la cicatriz umbilical (2.0 cm insuflado) y con los puertos secundarios situados ligeramente laterales a las terceras glándulas mamarias. Para establecer la localización exacta de estos trócares se implantó un punto 1,5 cm caudal al puerto del telescopio. Después de formar un ángulo de 90°, se midieron 3,3 cm en cada lado. Estas últimas medidas se tomaron con el conejo insuflado.  Discusión o Conclusión: En esta investigación se establecieron las posiciones apropiadas de los puertos de trabajo, sin causar fatiga de la articulación de la muñeca del cirujano y con un espacio adecuado para un movimiento confortable. Además, se reducirá el uso de conejos vivos para el establecimiento de los puertos en investigaciones futuras, abrazando el concepto de las tres &#8220;Rs&#8221; en la experimentación con animales. Con este modelo se obtuvo una excelente visión del campo quirúrgico sin interferencia entre el instrumental y el telescopio.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[laparoscopy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[surgical animal models]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Nissen fundoplication]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[rabbits]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[surgery]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[laparoscopia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[modelos quirúrgicos animales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[funduplicatura de Nissen]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[conejos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cirugía]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Current status and indications of minimally invasive surgery in pediatrics]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez-Zapico]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bol. Pediatr]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<page-range>190-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An experimental study using pigs for the dissection and suturing of aortic grafts by means of laparoscopy]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ballesteros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domínguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zarco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vaquero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Angiología]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>59</volume>
<page-range>427-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The need for changes in surgical training: an unresolved problem in endoscopic surgery]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gomez-Fleitas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cir. Esp.]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>77</volume>
<page-range>3-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rabbit stomach: animal model for experimental surgery]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Halabi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bahamondes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cattaneo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Int. J. Morphol.]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<page-range>82-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El conejo como modelo experimental de entrenamiento en cirugía laparoscópica pediátrica]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ilarraza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chaparro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castellano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Imery]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cantele]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Troconis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Arch. Venez. Puer. Ped.]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>75</volume>
<page-range>6-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Role of OT table height on the task performance of minimal access surgery]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[World. J. Laparosc. Surg.]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>49-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gasless laparoscopy in infants: the rabbit model]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deprest]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lerut]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Pediatr Surg]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1206-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Robotic surgery: first pediatric series in Spain]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marhuenda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giné]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Asensio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guillen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez-Ibañez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cir. Pediatr.]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McHugh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Biochem Med]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<page-range>276-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Menezes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. L. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Rabbit corpse (Oryctolagus cuniculus) preservation with modified Larssen solution for training in videolaparoscopic surgery]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Porto Alegre, Brazil ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Veterinary Faculty, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Awareness of Ergonomic Guidelines regarding laparoscopic surgeries, its Practice among Surgeons and Comfort level during and after surgery]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Modi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuswaha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dave]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Gujarat. Med. J.]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<page-range>31-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Especificaciones técnicas para la producción, cuidado y uso de los animales de laboratorio]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nom, Norma Oficial Mexicana. "062-ZOO-1999."]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ergonomy in laparoscopic surgery and its importance in surgical training]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Duarte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Margallo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martín-Portugués]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. D. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Hurtado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. Á.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Usón-Gargallo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cir. Esp.]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>90</volume>
<page-range>284-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Teaching surgical skills--changes in the wind]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reznick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[N. Engl. J. Med.]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>355</volume>
<page-range>664-2669</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Morphometry of the abdominal esophagus and stomach of the rabbit. Laparoscopyc surgery applications]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Alarcón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hérnandez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vivo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beristain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Usón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Int. J. Morphol.]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<page-range>27-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Surgical training with simulators in training centers]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodriguez-Garcia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Turienzo-Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vigal-Brey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brea-Pastor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cir. Esp.]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>79</volume>
<page-range>342-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Laparoscopic animal surgery for training without sacrificing animals; introducing the rabbit as a model for infantile laparoscopy]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simforoosh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khazaeli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nouralizadeh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soltani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Samzadeh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saffarian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rahmani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J. Laparoendosc. Adv. Surg. Tech. A.]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>929-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ergonomics in laparoscopic surgery]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Supe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kulkarni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Supe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Minim Access Surg]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>31-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of handle design and target location on the insertion and aim with a laparoscopic surgical tool]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trejo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oleynikov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hallbeck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Appl. Ergon.]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>745-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Laparoscopy in infants and children: a prospective study on feasibility and the impact on routine surgery]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ure]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bax]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van der Zee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Pediatr. Surg.]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<page-range>1170-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Animal models in urological laparoscopic training]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Usón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz-Guemes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loscertales-Matín de Agar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soria-Galvez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Gijón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Actas. Urol. Esp.]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<page-range>443-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
