<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-0705</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Nova scientia]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Nova scientia]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-0705</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de La Salle Bajío A. C., Coordinación de Investigación]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-07052015000300462</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Agua, pobreza y uso del tiempo en México: Análisis cuantitativo como sustento del diseño de una política pública de doble dividendo]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Water, poverty and time allocation in Mexico: A comparative analysis for the design of a double-dividend policy]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guevara Sanginés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lara Pulido]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Iberoamericana Vicerrectoría ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Iberoamericana División de Estudios Sociales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>15</numero>
<fpage>462</fpage>
<lpage>481</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-07052015000300462&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-07052015000300462&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-07052015000300462&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  Los impactos de la escasez y contaminación del agua afectan a grandes sectores de la población, pero inciden de manera desproporcionada en los sectores de menores ingresos. El acceso al agua ha sido reconocido como un derecho fundamental para una vida digna por las Naciones Unidas (UN, 2010), por lo que si el Estado no pone los medios para el acceso universal al agua, estaría impidiendo la realización de los derechos humanos de una parte de la población. Así, la relación agua - pobreza es de la mayor importancia tanto desde el punto de vista de salud pública como el de equidad social. El presente trabajo estudia la relación entre la falta de acceso al agua, el tiempo destinado a trabajar y los niveles de ingreso.  Método:  Con información de dos rondas de la Encuesta Nacional sobre Uso del Tiempo 2002 y 2009 del INEGI, se estima la brecha de ingreso y de las horas trabajadas entre la población que destina tiempo en acarrear agua con aquella (estadísticamente comparable) que no realiza esta actividad. Esto se hace a partir de un método de apareamiento (propensity score matching) considerando características personales y del municipio donde éstas viven.  Resultados: En ambos casos se observa una diferencia estadísticamente significativa. En el primero, la brecha del ingreso familiar trimestral era de alrededor de 9% en 2002 y de 12% en 2009. En el segundo, se estima que una persona que acarrea agua disminuye el tiempo que destinaba a trabajar en alrededor de 13% tanto en 2002 como en 2009. Estos resultados sugieren que la falta de acceso al agua es una condición que tiene un impacto significativo en hacer más proclive a una persona a caer en una condición de pobreza.  Discusión o Conclusión:  Una política de cobertura de dicho servicio tiene el doble efecto de atender un satisfactor fundamental de bienestar a la vez que libera a las personas de un tiempo adicional que puede aprovecharse en horas productivas. Ambos factores conducen tanto a una mejor calidad de vida como como a la mitigación en la pobreza monetaria de la población atendida. De allí su doble dividendo. Al respecto, comparamos el valor presente neto del costo promedio de dotar agua a nivel hogar (que estimamos en 5,305 pesos con información de fuentes secundarias) con el valor presente neto del ingreso adicional que se generaría por no tener que acarrear agua (14,500 pesos de acuerdo a nuestro modelo), los resultados indican que la inversión es costo-efectiva y es un vehículo valioso para abatir la pobreza.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  Water scarcity and pollution affect large sectors of the population, but they occur excessively on the poor. Access to water has been recognized by the United Nations as a fundamental right (UN, 2010), thus if the government does not grant universal access to water, it would be preventing the full realization of Human Rights. The relationship between water availability and poverty is of great importance for the public health and social equity. This essay studies the relationship between lack of access to water, the time dedicated to work and income levels  Method:  With information taken from two waves of the National Survey on Time-Use 2002 and 2009 (INEGI) it is estimated the gap in income and hours worked among people who allocated time fetching water and those that did not perform this activity by a propensity score matching method, which considers personal characteristics and municipality level characteristics.  Results:  In both cases, there is a statistically significant difference, its lower in 2009 than in 2002, however it persists. Caeteris paribus, in the first case, the household income-gap was of 18% in 2002 and of 12% in 2009. In the second, the time allocated to work of a person who carries water decreased about 13% in 2002 and about 10% in 2009. These results suggest that the lack of access to water is a condition that has a significant impact in making a person more susceptible to fall into a condition of poverty.  Discussion or Conclusion:  Thus, a public policy aiming at increasing water supply coverage will directly increase beneficiaries&#8217; wellbeing while alleviating their poverty levels by increasing time devoted to productive activities. Water provision then, yields a double dividend. We estimate the net present value of the cost of providing a new water connection at household level (5,305 pesos) and the net present value of the additional income that would rise if a person does not have to carry water. We found that investing in water provision is cost effective a valuable way to reduce poverty.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[agua]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pobreza]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[uso del tiempo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[doble diviendo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[México]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[water access]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[poverty alleviation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[scarcity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[double-dividend]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mexico]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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