<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1870-6622</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[EconoQuantum]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[EconoQuantum]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1870-6622</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Guadalajara]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1870-66222025000100009</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18381/eq.v22i1.7349</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Financial infrastructure outreach to indigenous peoples: a three approaches exploration for Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Cobertura con infraestructura financiera a los pueblos indígenas: una exploración con tres enfoques para Colombia, Ecuador y Perú]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Vega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Claudio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ariza-Garzón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miller-Janny]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laura]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez-Soto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Franz]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,The Ohio State University Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Development Economics ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Complutense de Madrid Facultad de Estudios Estadísticos ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Madrid  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Fundación Capital Department of Financial Inclusion ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Bolivia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>9</fpage>
<lpage>36</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1870-66222025000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1870-66222025000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1870-66222025000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract:   Objective:  assess and contrast disparities in the extent and location of financial infrastructures of branches and correspondent agents for outreach in areas with high incidence of indigenous peoples and explore correlations with territorial covariates, in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.   Methodology:  compare three approaches: a descriptive study explores key distributions, econometric analyses identify spatial disparities and heterogeneous associations, and machine learning techniques (regression trees, SHAP values) uncover complex, non-linear relationships, not revealed by traditional methods.   Results:  high indigenous peoples incidence, above 50% of the population, and location in rural areas and Amazon regions are associated with lower financial outreach, reflecting universal and idiosyncratic barriers. Low population density is associated with low financial outreach in different regions.   Limitations:  data availability on a few variables have limited model specifications. Secondary sources (census, official financial infrastructure data) are used. Results are for three specific countries.   Originality:  this paper covers an unexplored topic; there is no other three-country, three-methods study on this topic.   Conclusion:  financial inclusion policies must address the need for convenient physical, institutional and digital meeting places and close existing gaps, to respond to the unique socioeconomic and cultural context of indigenous peoples.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen:   Objetivo:  evaluar y contrastar disparidades en la extensión y ubicación de infraestructuras financieras de sucursales y agentes corresponsales para cobertura en áreas con elevada incidencia de pueblos indígenas y explorar correlaciones con covariables territoriales, en Colombia, Ecuador y Perú.   Metodología:  comparar tres enfoques: un estudio descriptivo para explorar distribuciones clave, análisis econométricos para identificar disparidades espaciales y asociaciones heterogéneas, y técnicas de aprendizaje automático (árboles de regresiones, valores SHAP) para descubrir asociaciones complejas, no lineales, no reveladas por métodos tradicionales.   Resultados:  incidencia indígena elevada, sobre 50% de la población, área rural y región amazónica están asociadas con una baja cobertura financiera, reflejando barreras universales e idiosincrásicas. A pesar de disparidades regionales, baja densidad de población está asociada con baja cobertura financiera.   Limitaciones:  la disponibilidad de datos para sólo algunas pocas variables ha limitado las especificaciones de los modelos. Se usan fuentes secundarias (censos, datos oficiales de infraestructura financiera). Los resultados se aplican en tres países específicos.   Originalidad:  el tema de este trabajo no ha sido explorado. No existen estudios del tema para tres países, con tres métodos, como éste.  Conclusiones:  las políticas de inclusión financiera deben resolver la necesidad de contar con lugares de encuentro físicos, institucionales y digitales convenientes y cerrar las brechas existentes, respondiendo al contexto socioeconómico y cultural único de los pueblos indígenas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[financial outreach]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[indigenous peoples]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Latin America]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[machine learning]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[SHAP Values]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[C14]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[G21]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[O16]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[O54]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[R12]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cobertura financiera]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pueblos indígenas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Latinoamérica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[aprendizaje automático]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[valores SHAP]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[C14]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[G21]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[O16]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[O54]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[R12]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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