<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1870-3550</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Norteamérica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Norteamérica]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1870-3550</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Investigaciones sobre América del Norte]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1870-35502023000100405</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/cisan.24487228e.2023.1.624</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Neoliberal Populism in Ontario: Premier Doug Ford&#8217;s Strategic Politics]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Populismo neoliberal en Ontario: políticas estratégicas del premier Doug Ford]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luccisano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lucy]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maurutto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paula]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Wilfrid Laurier University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Canada</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Toronto  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Canada</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>405</fpage>
<lpage>433</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1870-35502023000100405&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1870-35502023000100405&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1870-35502023000100405&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The 2018 election of Premier Doug Ford and the Progressive Conservative (PC) government ushered in a new era of neoliberal populism in Ontario, Canada. Ford&#8217;s election platform, titled a &#8220;Plan for the People,&#8221; resonated with the business elite who supported his free-market reforms but also with middle-class and blue-collar workers living in suburban and northern areas of the province. The article examines how Ford positioned his rivals as &#8220;out of touch&#8221; members of the political and cultural urban elite, responsible for a spiralling deficit that would economically burden hard-working people. Unlike many other right-wing populist leaders, who have relied on xenophobic or anti-immigrant narratives, we argue that Ford&#8217;s populist stance is demagogic and pragmatic. This enabled him to pivot and shift his political strategy to amass support from a diverse range of economic, racial, ethnic, and religious groups, including new immigrants. We draw on newspaper articles, public documents and reports, as well as thirteen interviews with politicians, teachers and civil servants. The article highlights how Ford&#8217;s government operated to weaken democratic institutions through measures such as &#8220;strong mayor powers,&#8221; invoking the notwithstanding clause, as well as undermining the public sector. We trace how Ford&#8217;s populism undermined public education through overt and subtle measures that weaken school boards and unions while advancing privatization. We show how Ford bypassed intermediaries, in this case, school boards and teachers&#8217; unions, and appealed directly to &#8220;the parents&#8221; through the media and employed clientelist strategies such as cash transfers under the guise of &#8220;parental choice&#8221; to hollow out public education. The analysis demonstrates how Ontario stands out as a unique case study for examining neoliberal populism in Canada and North America.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En 2018, la elección del premier Doug Ford y el gobierno del Partido Conservador Progresista (PCP) inauguró una nueva era de populismo neoliberal en Ontario, Canadá. La plataforma de elección de Ford, denominada &#8220;Plan para el pueblo&#8221;, tuvo eco en la elite de los negocios que apoyó sus reformas al libre mercado y también entre la clase media y los trabajadores de cuello azul que viven en las áreas suburbanas y del norte de la provincia. El artículo examina cómo Ford posicionó a sus rivales como miembros &#8220;fuera de toque&#8221; de la elite urbana política y cultural, responsable del déficit en espiral que se convertiría en una pesada carga económica para la clase trabajadora. Al contrario de muchos otros líderes populistas de derecha que se han apoyado en discursos xenófobos o antiinmigrantes, sostenemos que la propuesta populista de Ford es demagógica y pragmática. Esto le permitió cambiar su estrategia política para conseguir el apoyo de un diverso rango de grupos económicos, raciales, étnicos y religiosos, incluidos nuevos inmigrantes. Nos basamos en artículos periodísticos, documentos públicos y reportes, así como en trece entrevistas con políticos, profesores y servidores públicos. El artículo se enfoca sobre la manera en que el gobierno de Ford ha actuado para debilitar las instituciones democráticas mediante medidas como &#8220;fortalecer los poderes principales&#8221; al invocar la cláusula derogatoria, así como debilitar al sector público. Mostramos cómo el populismo de Ford ha dañado la educación pública mediante el establecimiento o la supresión de medidas que perjudiquen a la administración de las escuelas y a los sindicatos, mientras avanza la privatización. Demostramos cómo Ford ignoró a los intermediarios, en este caso, las administraciones escolares y los sindicatos de maestros, y se dirigió directamente a &#8220;los padres&#8221; a través de los medios y empleó estrategias clientelares como las transferencias de efectivo a guisa de &#8220;elección de los padres&#8221; para socavar la educación pública. El análisis demuestra cómo Ontario constituye un estudio de caso único para examinar el populismo neoliberal en Canadá y Norteamérica.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[neoliberal populism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[education]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[conservative government]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[right-wing politics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Ontario]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[populismo neoliberal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[educación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[gobierno conservador]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[política derechista]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ontario]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Albo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Greg]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Evans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bryan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Divided Province: Ontario Politics in the Age of Neoliberalism]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Montreal ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[McGill-Queen&#8217;s University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alozzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Raneem]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[York Region Pride Organizers Say Doug Ford&#8217;s Appearance Tool Them by Surprise]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Armstrong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tim]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Premier Ford&#8217;s Troublesome Track Record]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beattie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Samantha]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Winners and Losers of Ontario Premier Doug Ford&#8217;s Spending Cuts So Far]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benzie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Doug Ford Doubled Down on Comments About &#8216;Hard Working&#8217; New Canadians]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bocking]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Schools, Austerity and Privatization in the Pandemic Era]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bratt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Duane]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sutherland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Blue Storm: The Rise and Fall of Jason Kenny]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Calgary ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Calgary Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brenner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Neil]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Theodore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nik]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Spaces of Neoliberalism: Urban Restructuring in North America Western Europe]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New Jersey ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley-Blackwell]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brubaker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rogers]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Populism and Nationalism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nations and Nationalism]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>44-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Budd]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Brian]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The People&#8217;s Champ: Doug Ford and Neoliberal Right-Wing Populism in the 2018 Ontario Provincial Election]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Politics and Governance]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>171-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>CBC News</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Ontario Records $2.1B Surplus Despite Projected Deficit for Fiscal Year]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>CBC News</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Ontario Court Strikes down Doug Ford&#8217;s Mandatory Anti-carbon Tax Gas Pump Stickers]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>CBC News</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Ford Marches in York Pride Parade Amid Criticism of Decision to Skip Toronto Event]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rachel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[What Exactly Is Happening to Ontario&#8217;s Education System? What You Need to Know]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cohn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Martin R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Doug Ford&#8217;s $30 Million Carbon Tax Fight Is Money Down the Drain but it Keeps his Brand Afloat]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crawley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mike]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[There&#8217;s Division &#8216;In my Own Family&#8217; over COVID-19 Rules, Doug Ford Acknowledges]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crawley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mike]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[What&#8217;s Behind Ontario&#8217;s Abrupt Shift toward Vaccinating Everyone in COVID-19 Hotspots]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crawley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mike]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ford Government Poised to Dissolve Regional Health Agencies, Sources Say]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crawley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mike]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ontario&#8217;s Deficit Was $7.4B Last Year - Far Lower than the Ford Government Claimed it Was]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DeClerq]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Katherine]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ontario Promises 5-cent Minimum Wage Increase in October]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DeClerq]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Katherine]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Most People Who Took Part in Public Consultations Did Not Want Larger Class Sizes]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doolittle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robyn]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Crazy Town: The Rob Ford Story]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Toronto ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Penguin Canada]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Druzin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Randi]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Public Approval for Ontario premier Doug Ford Soars Amid a Pandemic: The once polarizing Canadian leader has mixed empathy with transparent decisiveness to fight the coronavirus, political observers say]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Erl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Chris]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The People and the Nation: The &#8216;Thick&#8217; and the &#8216;Thin&#8217; of Right-wing Populism in Canada]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social Science Quarterly]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>102</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>107-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Erl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Chris]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Forest]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Benjamin]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mederios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mike]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8216;Reckless, Cavalier, Dismissive, Petty and Vengeful?&#8217;: The Impact of Municipal Constituency Changes on Candidate Diversity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Political Geography]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>99</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fawcett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Max]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Doug Ford&#8217;s Surprising Turn]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ford]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rob]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ford]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Doug]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ford Nation: Two Brothers, One Vision: The True Story of the People&#8217;s Mayor]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Toronto ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harper Collins]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Forde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sydney L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ontario&#8217;s Right-Wing Populism &#8216;Will Cost You&#8217;: A Propaganda Analysis of Ford&#8217;s Sticker Act and Canadian Journalism&#8217;s Response]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Canadian Journal of Communications]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>337-59</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jessica]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Unpacking the Role of Neoliberalism on the Politics of Poverty Reduction Policies in Ontario, Canada: A Descriptive Case Study and Critical Analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social Sciences]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>485</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grenier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eric]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Polls Suggests the Ontario Premier&#8217;s Pandemic Honeymoon is Over]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Kawarthanow</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Protests against the Ford Government are Taking Place in 26 Cities Across Ontario on Wednesday]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roger]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Common-Sense. Neoliberalism: Progressive Conservative Urbanism in Toronto, Canada]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Antipode]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>578-601</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[King]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Debbie]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Toronto School Board Trustees Matter Now More than Ever]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kipfer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stefan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saberi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Parastou]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[From Revolution to Farce? Hard-right Populism in the Making of Toronto]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Studies in Political Economy]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>93</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>127-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kiss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Simon J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perrella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrea]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spicer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Zachary]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Right-wing Populism in a Metropolis: Personal Financial Stress, Conservative Attitudes, and Rob Ford&#8217;s Toronto]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Urban Affairs]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>1028-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Legislative Assembly of Ontario</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Bill 3, an Act to Amend Various Statutes with Respect to Special Powers and Duties of Heads of Council]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levinson-King]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robin]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Toronto Lockdown - One of the World&#8217;s Longest?]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lewsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Simon]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Populism Isn&#8217;t Always Xenophobic: Just Ask Ontario&#8217;s Premier]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luccisano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lucy]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maurutto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paula]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neoliberalismo y políticas conservadoras en Toronto]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez-Zalce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Graciela]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tigau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Camelia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Canada y sus paradojas en el siglo XXI]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<page-range>127-60</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Mexico City ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM)-Centro de Investigaciones sobre America del Norte (CISAN)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martin-Robbins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karen]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ontario Announces Compensation for Parents for Costs Due to Teacher Strike]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mazzoleni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gianpietro]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bracciale]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roberta]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Socially Meditated Populism: The Communicative Strategies of Political Leaders on Facebook]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mcdowell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tom]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Neoliberal Parliamentarism: The Decline of Parliament at the Ontario Legislature]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Toronto ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Toronto Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McKenzie-Sutter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Holly]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ford&#8217;s Use of Notwithstanding Clause for Third-party Ads Law May Backfire: Experts]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monsebraaten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laurie]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferguson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rob]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ontario Government Scraps Basic Income Pilot Project, Limits Welfare Increases to 1.5 Per Cent]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anthony]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Populism and Racism in Two Ontario Elections]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mudde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge, Mass. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mudde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cas]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaltwasser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cristobal R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Populism: A Very Short Introduction]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Müller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jan-Werner]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[What is Populism?]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Philadelphia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Pennsylvania Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Office of the Premier</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Government Stands with Parents and Kids During Union-Led Strike Actions in Schools]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Office of the Premier</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Education that Works for You - Modernizing Classrooms]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Office of the Premier</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Ontario&#8217;s Government for the People Respecting Parents by Holding Unprecedented Consultation into Education Reform]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oliver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joshua]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Doug Ford Owes Ontario Poll Victory to his Economic Message]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Neil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lauren]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Thousands Storm Queen&#8217;s Park to Protest Doug Ford &#8217;s Cuts to Health Care]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Beatrice]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Morning Update: Doug Ford &#8217;s Progressive Conservatives Win Second Majority]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[William]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Better Schools and Student Outcome Act: Crushing what&#8217;s Broken]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[William]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A First Step Towards Privatization?]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Powers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lucas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ontario&#8217;s Progressive Conservatives Sail to 2nd Majority, NDP and Liberal Leaders Say They Will Resign]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Powers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lucas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Fact-checking Lisa Thompson&#8217;s Controversial Comments on Class Size in Ontario]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Press Progress</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Doug Ford&#8217;s Government Wants TVO to &#8216;Commercialize&#8217; Online Learning Content Designed for Ontario Schools]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Press Progress</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Five Ways Doug Ford Has Worked Against Public Education]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reeve]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kate]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Doug Ford Is Using the Pandemic to Decimate Public Schools]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rushowy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kristin]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ontario Students Struggling with Math, Testing Reveals - Province Announces $200 Payouts, &#8216;Action Teams&#8217;]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shelley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jacob]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The End of Public Health in Ontario]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taylor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Zack]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calderon-Figueroa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Populism in the City: The Case of Ford Nation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sorensen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eric]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Analysis: Western Alienation Is Very Real in Alberta and Saskatchewan]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thomas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mark P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[For the People? Regulating Employment Standards in an Era of Right-wing Populism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Studies in Political Economy]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>101</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>135-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thompson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mitchell]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Doug Ford Quietly Reduces Education Spending by Nearly a Billion Dollars Last Year]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tranjan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ricardo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Inflation-adjusted School Funding Down $1,200 per Student since the Ford Government Came to Power]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tranjan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ricardo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Straight Answer: Education Funding in Ontario Has Dropped since 2018]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weyland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kurt]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neoliberal Populism in Latin America and Eastern Europe]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Politics]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>379-401</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Taylor]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Martin]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Strong Mayor Powers in Ontario Are a Gross Violation of Democratic Principles]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
