<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1870-3550</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Norteamérica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Norteamérica]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1870-3550</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Investigaciones sobre América del Norte]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1870-35502022000200191</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/cisan.24487228e.2022.2.586</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[&#8220;Make America White Again&#8221;. Los cambios en la política migratoria de Estados Unidos bajo el gobierno de Donald Trump]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[&#8220;Make America White Again.&#8221; Changes in U.S. Migratory Policy under the Trump Administration]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cárdenas Alaminos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nuty]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>191</fpage>
<lpage>212</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1870-35502022000200191&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1870-35502022000200191&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1870-35502022000200191&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El presente artículo analiza cómo uno de los cambios más importantes en el gobierno de Donald Trump fue la restricción del ingreso por vía familiar en todas las dimensiones de la política migratoria: permanente, temporal, sin documentos y humanitaria. Basada en el modelo de FitzGerald y Cook-Martín (2014), la selección de la población migrante se llevó a cabo mediante la aplicación de diversas órdenes ejecutivas y cambios administrativos. Específicamente, se elevaron los costos (económicos y humanitarios) para los migrantes y sus familias con la finalidad de desincentivarlos a continuar con su proyecto migratorio (llegada, estadía y/o para la eventual reunificación de más familiares) según fuese el caso, en aras de cumplir uno de los idearios de dicha administración: detener el crecimiento de la población no blanca en Estados Unidos. La aplicación de esta política tuvo un particular impacto negativo en los mexicanos y centroamericanos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This article analyzes how one of the most important changes during the Trump administration was the restriction of entry for family reunification in all forms of immigration policy: permanent, temporary, undocumented, and humanitarian. Based on the FitzGerald and Cook-Martín model (2014), the immigrant population was selected by applying diverse executive orders and administrative changes. Specifically, economic and humanitarian costs rose for migrants and their families in order to deincentivize their continuing to migrate (arrival, stay, and/or eventual reunification with more relatives), depending on the case. This had the aim of fulfilling one of the administration&#8217;s principles: stopping the growth of the non-white population in the United States. This policy had a particularly negative impact on Mexicans and Central Americans.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[política migratoria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[presidencia de Trump]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[migrantes permanentes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[seguridad fronteriza]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[immigration policy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Trump presidency]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[permanent immigrants]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[border security]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alejo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Make America Great Again. ¿Expresión de un nativismo blanco contemporáneo?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[CIDOB d&#8217;Afers Internacionals]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<numero>119</numero>
<issue>119</issue>
<page-range>185-207</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alsan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marcella]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Crystal]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Fear and the Safety Net: Evidence from Secure Communities]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[National Bureau of Economic Research]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>American Immigration Council</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The Cost of Immigration Enforcement and Border Security]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Armendares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pedro Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La política migratoria de Donald Trump. Impacto para los migrantes mexicanos y sus comunidades]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Snado de la República/Instituto &#8220;Belisario Domínguez&#8221;]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Banco Bilbao Vizcaya</collab>
<collab>Consejo Nacional de Población</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Anuario de migración y remesas 2021]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Batalova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeanne]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mary]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levesque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christopher]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bustamante]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis-Noe]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mark Hugo]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krogstad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jens Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[U.S. Hispanic Population Surpassed 60 Million, but Growth Has Slowed]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Capps]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Randy]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fix]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Batalova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeanne]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Anticipated &#8216;Chilling Effects&#8217; of the Public-Charge Rule Are Real: Census Data Reflect Steep Decline in Benefits Use by Immigrant Families]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cárdenas Alaminos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nuty]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La evolución de las políticas migratorias en América del Norte 1990 al siglo XXI: ¿oportunidad u obstáculo para una mayor movilidad en la región?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vezina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Catherine]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Demers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maurice]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Historias conectadas de América del Norte]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<page-range>105-32</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Congressional Research Service</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Immigration: Apprehensions and Expulsions at the Southwest Border]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cornelius]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Wayne]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La política de inmigración de la administración Trump: realidades, contradicciones y soluciones]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Department of Homeland Security</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Yearbook of Immigration Statistics]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Department of Homeland Security</collab>
<source><![CDATA[We Need to End Unchecked Chain Migration and Eliminate the Reckless Visa Lottery to Secure the Nation and Protect the American Worker]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FitzGerald]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David Scott]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cook-Martín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Culling the Masses. The Democratic Origins of Racist Immigration Policy in the Americas]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge, Mass. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FitzGerald]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lopez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gustavo]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McClean]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Angela Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mexican Immigrants Face Threats to Civil Rights and Increased Social Hostility]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos/Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California San Diego (UCSD)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garduño]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Silvia Elena]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La contención migratoria en México, una política de Estado. Revisión histórica (1993-2014) y coyuntura reciente]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de la Frontera Norte]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hass]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hein de]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Natter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Katharina]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vezzoli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Somina]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Growing Restrictiveness or Changing Selection? The Nature and Evolution of Migration Policies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Migration Review]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>324-67</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Human Rights Watch</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Like I am Drowning. Children and Families Sent to Harm by the U.S. Remain in Mexico Program]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Instituto para las Mujeres en la Migración</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Recursos para entender el protocolo Quédate en México]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Isacson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adam]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Trump to Seize More Border Wall Money Through Brut Force]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Korte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gregory]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gomez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trump Ramps Up Rhetoric on Undocumented Immigrants: &#8216;These Aren&#8217;t People. These Are Animals&#8217;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[USA Today]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leutert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stephanie]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Las políticas migratorias de Andrés Manuel López Obrador en México]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Philip]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Immigration and Farm Labor: From Unauthorized to H-2A for Some?]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Susan F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La política de la reforma de la inmigración en Estados Unidos]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Escobar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Agustín]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Susan F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La gestión de la migración México-Estados Unidos]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<page-range>175-203</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Segob/InstitutoNacional de Migración/CIESAS/DGE Equilibrista]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Massey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Douglas]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nolan J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Beyond Smoke and Mirrors. Mexican Immigration in an Era of Economic Integration]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Russell Sage Foundation]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Papademetriou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Demetrios]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hooper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kate]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Megan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[In Search of a New Equilibrium: Immigration Policymaking in the Newest Era of Nativist Populism]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Migration Policy Institute]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Passel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeffrey]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[D&#8217;Vera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cohn]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[As Mexican Share Declined, U.S. Unauthorized Immigrant Population Fell in 2015 Below Recession Level]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pierce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sarah]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bolter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jessica]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Dismantling and Reconstructing the U.S. Immigration System A Catalog of Changes under the Trump Presidency]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosenblum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marc]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[U.S. Immigration Policy Since 9/11: Understanding the Stalemate over Comprehensive Immigration Reform]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tichenor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Dividing Lines. The Politics of Immigration Control in America]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Princeton, N.J. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Princeton University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tigau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Camelia]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pande]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Amba]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Brain Rejection under the Trump Presidency, Evidence from Indian and Mexican Professionals in the U.S.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mónica]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Anti-Immigrant Rethoric, Actions, and Policies During the Trump Era (2017-2019)]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<page-range>155-81</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CISAN, UNAM]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mónica]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Anti-Immigrant and Anti-Mexican Attitudes and Policies during the First 18 Months of the Trump Administration]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Norteamérica]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>197-226</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tom K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Politics of Immigration. Partisanship, Demographic Change and American National Identity]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jie]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Batalova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeanne]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mexican Immigrant in the U.S.]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
