<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1870-3550</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Norteamérica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Norteamérica]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1870-3550</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Investigaciones sobre América del Norte]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1870-35502021000200251</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/cisan.24487228e.2021.2.487</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Aspectos de cambio y reversión en la política de Estados Unidos hacia Irán durante las presidencias de Barack H. Obama y Donald J. Trump]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Aspects of Change and Reversal in U.S. Policy toward Iran Under the Presidencies of Barack H. Obama and Donald J. Trump]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortíz Almanza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>251</fpage>
<lpage>282</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1870-35502021000200251&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1870-35502021000200251&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1870-35502021000200251&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Con base en esfuerzos teóricos sobre el estudio del cambio en política exterior, especialmente referentes a los enfoques decisionales y la reestructuración, este trabajo argumenta que la modificación estratégica de la política estadounidense hacia Irán surgió con Barack H. Obama a partir de la noción de fracaso del curso de acción previo y la amenaza que representa el programa nuclear iraní, aunque estuvo limitado por retos en tres ejes a lo largo del proceso para lograr un acercamiento que solucionara algunos temas de la agenda, especialmente la cuestión nuclear. Tal situación explica la reversión de los avances en la administración de Trump, quien fue inverso en algunos aspectos de la política de Obama. La contribución teórica consiste en extender el análisis más allá de la fase en la que se decide el cambio para esclarecer sus límites y posibilidades de consolidación, con base en el rastreo de interacciones entre actores promotores, el sujeto receptor y aquellos que resisten. Este enfoque es útil al considerar la noción de promoción del cambio y resistencia, que resulta pertinente para ilustrar el desafío al que se enfrentará Joe R. Biden para conducir la política hacia Irán.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Based on theoretical studies of foreign policy changes, particularly with regard to approaches for decision-making and restructuring, this article argues that the Barack H. Obama&#8217;s strategic change in U.S. policy toward Iran was based on the notion of the failure of previous action and the threat of the Iranian nuclear program, even though it was limited by challenges along three axes throughout the process for achieving a solution for some issues on the agenda, especially the nuclear question. This situation explains Trump&#8217;s reversal of the advances: Trump worked in an inverse direction regarding some of Obama&#8217;s policies. The author&#8217;s theoretical contribution is the expansion of the analysis beyond the phase in which the change was decided, to clarify its limitations and possibilities for consolidation, based on outlining the interactions among promoting actors, the receiving subject, and those who resisted. This approach is useful since it takes into consideration the notion of promoting change and resistance, which is pertinent for illustrating the challenge that Joe R. Biden will face for his Iran policy.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[política exterior]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Estados Unidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Irán]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[acuerdo nuclear]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Obama]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Trump]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[foreign policy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[United States]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Iran]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nuclear agreement]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Obama]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Trump]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bill]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How AIPAC May Win by Losing the Iran Deal]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[FP]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amanpour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christiane]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Obama Sent Letter to Iran Leader Before Election, Sources Say]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[CNN]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arango]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tim]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Erdbrink]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[U.S. and Iran Both Attack ISIS, but Try Not to Look Like Allies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The New York Times]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>BBC</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Saudi King Meets Obama Amid Concerns over Iran Deal]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BBC]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Begley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sarah]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Read Donald Trump&#8217;s Speech to AIPAC]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Time]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Biden Jr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joseph R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Why America Must Lead Again]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Foreign Affairs]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julian]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[U.S. to Break with UN Security Council and Reimpose Iran Snapback Sanctions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Guardian]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bremmer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ian]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[President Trump Deserves Credit for Israel&#8217;s New Status in the Middle East]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Time]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chollet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Derek]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Long Game. How Obama Defied Washington and Redefine America&#8217;s Role in the World]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Public Affairs, kindle]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clinton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hillary R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Hard Choices]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Simon &amp; Schuster]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Council on Foreign Relations</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Conversation with Javad Zarif]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[YouTube]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Crisis Group</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Iran Nuclear Deal at Two: A Status Report]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Crisis Group]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Demirjian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karoun]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trump on Course to Complete UAE Arms Deal after Senate Fails to Block Him]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Washington Post]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fassihi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Farnaz]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schmitt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eric]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bergman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ronen]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Iran&#8217;s Top Nuclear Scientist Killed in Ambush, State Media Say]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The New York Times]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fayazmanesh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sasan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Containing Iran: Obama&#8217;s Policy of &#8220;Tough Diplomacy&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Newcastle ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garduño]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Moisés]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La cuestión nuclear iraní revisitada: tensiones, sanciones y negociaciones en torno al Plan de Acción Integral Conjunto de 2015]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios de Asia y África]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>5-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ghattas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kim]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Secretary: A Journey with Hillary Clinton from Beirut to the Heart of American Power]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Graham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Emma]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Saudi Arabia Should Be a &#8216;Partner&#8217; on Any Future Nuclear Deal with Iran, Foreign Minister Says]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[CNBC]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Shane]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Greg]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dawsey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Josh]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[CIA Concludes Saudi Crown Prince Ordered Jamal Khashoggi&#8217;s Assassination]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Washington Post]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heilbrunn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jacob]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Iran&#8217;s Foreign Minister: America Is Already Violating the Nuclear Deal]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The National Interest]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hermann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Charles F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Changing Course: When Governments Choose to Redirect Foreign Policy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Studies Quarterly]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>3-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Catherine]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Anti-Iran Deal Groups Firing on All Cylinders in Massive Lobbying Push]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Washington Post]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holsti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kalevi J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Why Nations Realign. Foreign Policy Restructuring in the Postwar World]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[George Allen &amp; Unwin]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>International Atomic Energy Agency</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Verification and Monitoring in the Islamic Republic of Iran in Light of United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Iran Primer</collab>
<source><![CDATA[U.S. Sanctions on Iran: 2017]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keinon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Herb]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[As Biden Era Dawns, Netanyahu Doubles Down against Iran Deal]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Jerusalem Post]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Landler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mark]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Alter Egos: Obama&#8217;s Legacy, Hillary&#8217;s Promise and the Twilight Struggle over American Power]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Random House, kindle]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carol E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stancati]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Margherita]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Donald Trump, Saudi Arabia Sign Agreements in Move to Counterbalance Iran]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Wall Street Journal]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lipner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Shalom]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Has Trump Been Good for Israel?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[FP]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McGreal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Chris]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How Netanyahu&#8217;s Speech to Congress Has Jeopardised U.S.-Israel Relations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Guardian]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Menendez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[S.1881 - 113th Congress (2013-2014): Nuclear Weapon Free Iran Act of 2013]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Congress.gov]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mesa Delmonte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las políticas de Bush y Obama hacia la República Islámica de Irán. La centralidad del factor nuclear]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Foro Internacional]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>XLIX</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>832-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mogherini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Federica]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Iran Nuclear Deal is a Success - and the Whole World Is Safer for It]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Guardian]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Motamedi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maziar]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rouhani: &#8216;No Negotiations&#8217; Needed to Restore Iran Nuclear Deal]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Al Jazeera]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nasr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vali]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Dispensable Nation: American Foreign Policy in Retreat]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Random House, kindle]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Niklasson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tomas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Regime Stability and Foreign Policy Change: Interaction between Domestic and Foreign Policy in Hungary 1956-1994]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Suecia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Department of Political Science, Lund University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Norman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laurence]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[EU Ramps Up Trade System With Iran Despite U.S. Threats]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Wall Street Journal]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Norman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laurence]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[European Powers Won&#8217;t Push Biden for Swift U.S. Return to Iranian Nuclear Deal]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Wall Street Journal]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Obama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Barack H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Statement by President Obama on Nowruz]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The White House]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Obama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Barack H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Renewing American Leadership]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Foreign Affairs]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>86</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>2-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parsi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Trita]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Losing an Enemy. Obama, Iran, and the Triumph of Diplomacy]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Yale University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parsi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Trita]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Single Roll of the Dice: Obama&#8217;s Diplomacy with Iran]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Yale University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Pew Research Center</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Support for Iran Nuclear Agreement Falls]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pew Research Center]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ravid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Barak]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fearing Leaks, U.S. &#8216;Limiting&#8217; Information It Shares With Israel on Iran Nuke Talks]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Haaretz]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Real]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jose A. del]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Here&#8217;s a List of the GOP Senators Who Signed the Iran Letter]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Washington Post]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rogin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Josh]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[State Department Letter to Kerry Outlines &#8216;Serious Substantive Concerns&#8217; with Iran Sanctions Bill]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[FP]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosati]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jerel A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sampson III]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Martin W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hagan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joe D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Study of Change in Foreign Policy]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosati]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jerel A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hagan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joe D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sampson III]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Martin W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Foreign Policy Restructuring. How Governments Respond to Global Change]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Columbia, S.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of South Carolina Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ross]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Denis]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diplomatic Strategies for Dealing with Iran]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[James N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parthemore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christine]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campbell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kurt M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Assessing U. S. Strategic Options]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<page-range>33-55</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D. C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Center for a New American Security]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scruton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clarke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Seán]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Theresa]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Chris]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Visual Guide to the U.S. Airstrike that Killed Qassem Suleimani]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Guardian]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siddique]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Haroon]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Iran Begins Enriching Higher-Grade Uranium, Says State TV]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Guardian]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solomon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jay]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Secret Dealings with Iran Led to Nuclear Talks]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Wall Street Journal]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steinhauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jennifer]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Democrats Hand Victory to Obama on Iran Nuclear Deal]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The New York Times]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tepperman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jonathan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Barak&#8217;s Last Battle: An Israeli Lion in Winter]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Foreign Affairs]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>92</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>91-104</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>United Nations</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Security Council Imposes Additional Sanctions on Iran, Voting 12 in Favour to 2 against, with 1 Abstention]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[United Nations]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>U.S. Department of State</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>U.S. Department of State</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Interview with Reuters News Agency]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Volgy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schwarz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Foreign Policy Restructuring and the Myriad Webs of Restraint]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosati]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jerel A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hagan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joe D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sampson III]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Martin W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Foreign Policy Restructuring. How Governments Respond to Global Change]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<page-range>22-43</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Columbia, S.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of South Carolina Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Warrick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joby]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[U.S. Steps up Arms Sales to Persian Gulf Allies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Washington Post]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Washington Post</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The 2015 &#8220;Washington Post-ABC News Poll&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Washington Post]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Welch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Painful Choices. A Theory of Foreign Policy Change]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Princeton, N.J. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Princeton University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>White House</collab>
<source><![CDATA[President Donald J. Trump Is Working to Bring Iran&#8217;s Oil Exports to Zero]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[U.S. Embassy &amp; Consulate in the United Arab Emirates]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>White House</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Statement by the President Donald Trump on the Iran Nuclear Deal]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[U.S. Embassy in Uruguay]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>White House</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Remarks by President Trump on Iran Strategy]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[U.S. Embassy in Egypt]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Scenesetter for Secretary Clinton&#8217;s Feb 15-16 Visit to Saudi Arabia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[WikiLeaks]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Saudi Foreign Ministry Pressing China to Stop Iranian Proliferation, Concerned about Tsa Regulations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[WikiLeaks]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Codels Ackerman and Casey Meetings with Prime Minister Netanyahu]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[WikiLeaks]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8216;Scenesetter for Centcom Commander Petraeus&#8217;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[WikiLeaks]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Scenesetter for Treasury Secretary Geithner&#8217;s Visit to the United Arab Emirates]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[WikiLeaks]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trump Supports $75m. Additional Aid to Israel Beyond Obama-era mou]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Jerusalem Post]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edward]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Edmondson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Catie]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schmitt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eric]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trump Officials Prepare to Bypass Congress to Sell Weapons to Gulf Nations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The New York Times]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zaccara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luciano]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[¿Quién gobierna Irán? La estructura política de la República Islámica]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>137-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B72">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zengerle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Patricia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[U.S. House Votes to Bar Sales of Commercial Aircraft to Iran]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Reuters]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
