<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1870-3550</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Norteamérica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Norteamérica]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1870-3550</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Investigaciones sobre América del Norte]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1870-35502019000100233</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/cisan.24487228e.2019.1.357</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Implications of the U.S. Visa Reform for Highly-Skilled Mexican Migration]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Implicaciones de la reforma de visas estadunidenses para la migración de mexicanos calificados]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salamanca Pacheco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elizabeth]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de las Américas Departamento de Negocios Internacionales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Puebla]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>233</fpage>
<lpage>258</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1870-35502019000100233&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1870-35502019000100233&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1870-35502019000100233&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Highly skilled Mexican migrants have benefitted from the opportunities offered by U.S. visa programs such as the specialty occupation visa (H-1B), the treaty investor visa (E-2), the EB-5 investor program, and the North American Free Trade Agreement professionals visa (TN). This essay analyzes the possible changes affecting these visas and identifies their main economic, social, and political implications. It uses two main approaches: the mixed-embeddedness framework and transnational theory. U.S. immigration reform has forced some skilled migrants to think about transnational spaces in order to reduce uncertainty. E-2 and EB-5 visa holders may diversify risks through a parallel presence of their businesses in both the United States and Mexico. H-1B holders may think about enhancing their research networks with the Mexican scientific and academic community. TN holders may return and transfer their knowledge back to Mexico. Overall, the improvement of Mexico&#8217;s institutional environment is crucial for further avoiding the exit of valuable social and cognitive capital.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Los migrantes mexicanos calificados se han beneficiado de las oportunidades que ofrecen los programas de visa estadunidenses, como son la visa para trabajos especializados (H-1B), la visa de inversionista por tratado comercial (E-2), el programa de inversionistas EB-5 y la visa para profesionales temporales del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TN). El artículo analiza los cambios que podrían afectar a estas visas e identifica sus principales implicaciones económicas, sociales y políticas. Para ello, se recurre a dos enfoques: el marco de incrustación mixta (mixed-embeddedness) y la teoría transnacional. La reforma migratoria estadunidense ha obligado a los migrantes calificados a considerar los espacios transnacionales como una solución para lidiar con la incertidumbre. Los migrantes con visas E-2 y EB-5 podrían diversificar los riesgos teniendo una presencia paralela de sus negocios tanto en Estados Unidos como en México. Los portadores de visas H-1B podrían expandir sus redes de investigación con la comunidad científica y académica mexicana. Los portadores de visas TN podrían regresar y transmitir sus conocimientos en México. El mejoramiento del entorno institucional mexicano es crucial para evitar una mayor salida del valioso capital social y cognitivo.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[highly skilled migration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[specialty occupation working visa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[treaty investor visa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) professionals]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[migración calificada]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[visa para trabajo especializado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[visa de inversionista]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[profesionales bajo el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN)]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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