One-Pot Synthesis of 1,8-Dioxodecahydroacridines and Polyhydroquinoline using 1,3-Di (bromo or chloro)-5,5-Dimethylhydantoin as a Novel and Green Catalyst under Solvent-Free Conditions

Behrooz Maleki,* Reza Tayebee, Mina Kermanian, and Samaneh Sedigh Ashrafi

Department of Chemistry, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 96179-76487, Iran. b.maleki@hsu.ac.ir.

Received March 12, 2013.
Accepted May 29, 2013.

Abstract

Solvent-free, one-pot synthesis of polyhdroquinoline and 1,8-dioxodecahydroacridine derivatives have been described via Hantzsch condensation of various aldehydes, ammonium acetate with (i) cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and ethyl acetoacetate and (ii) cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds (2 mmoles) in a very simple, efficient, and environmentally benign method using 1,3-(dibromo or dichloro)-5,5-dimethylhydantoin as a cheap, non-toxic and neutral catalyst with up to excellent yields.

Keywords: Aldehydes, cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, ammonium acetate, ethyl acetoacetate, green catalyst, solvent-free conditions, one-pot synthesis.

Resumen

Se describe la síntesis en un paso, libre de disolvente, de derivados de polihidroquinolina y 1,8-dioxodecahidroacridina mediante la condensación de Hantzch de diversos aldehidos y acetato de amonio con (i) compuestos 1,3-dicarbonílicos cíclicos y acetoacetato de etilo y (ii) compuestos 1,3-dicarbonílicos cíclicos (2 equiv) empleando un método simple, eficiente y respetuoso del medio ambiente con 1,3-(dibromo o dicloro)-5,5-dimetilhidantoína como catalizador barato, no-tóxico y neutro con rendimientos excelentes.

Palabras clave: Aldehídos, compuestos 1,3-dicarbonílicos cíclicos, acetato de amonio, acetoacetato de etilo, catalizador verde, condiciones libres de disolvente, síntesis en un paso.

Introduction

The development of new methods for the synthesis of 4-substituted 1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP) is an important area of synthetic research because of the broad spectrum of their biological and pharmaceutical properties such as antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, vasodilator, geroprotective, antiatheroscle-rotic, bronchodilator, and antitumor [3]. Cardiovascular agents such as nifedipine, nicardipine, amlodipin and other related derivatives are dihydropyridyl compounds, which are effective for the treatment of hypertensive [4] (Fig. 1).

Current studies reveal that 1,4 dihydropyridine exhibits several medicinal applications which include neuroprotectant [5], platelet antiaggregatory activity [6], cerebral antischemic activity in treatment of alzheimer's diasease [7], and chemosensitizer acting in tumor therapy [8]. In addition, the dihydro-pyridines unit has been widely employed as a hydride source for reductive amination [9].

In recent years, much attention has been directed towards the synthesis of 4-substituted 1,4-dihydropyridine compounds. In 1882, Arthur Hantzch reported first synthesis of substituted 1,4-dihydropyridines by one-pot condensation of ethylacetoac-etate, aldehyde and ammonia. The reaction was conducted in acetic acid or in refluxing ethanol [10]. However, these methods suffer from drawbacks such as long reaction time, the use of a large quantity of volatile organic solvents, harsh refluxing conditions and lower yields. Thus, chemists have developed several alternative and more efficient methods for the synthesis of polyhydroquinoline and 1,8-dioxodecahydroacridine derivatives which include the use of microwave irradiation [11], HClO₄.SiO₂ [12], molecular iodine [13], ionic liquids [14], NH₄Cl or Zn(OAc)₂ [15], organocatalysts [16], scolecite [17], HY-zeolite [18], p-TSA [19], montmorillonite K10 clay [20], hafnium (IV) bis(perfluorooctanesulfonyl)imide complex [Hf(NPf₂)₄] [21], ZrCl₄ [22], 5-pyrrolidin-2-yltetrazole [23], ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) [24], silica sulfuric acid [25], triflate salts [26], K₇[PW₁₁CoO₄₀] [27], sulfamic acid [28], solar thermal energy [29], carbon-based solid acid (CBSA) [30], ZnO [31], HCM-41 [32] and fluoro alcohols (TFE or HFIP) [33]. But some of those methods still have their own limitations in terms of yields, long reaction time, acidic or basic catalysis, tedious or difficult work-up, anhydrous organic solvents. In some cases, catalysts are expensive and harmful to environment. Thus, the development of a simple and efficient method for the synthesis of polyhydroquinoline and 1,8-dioxodecahy-droacridine derivatives is an active area of research and there is scope for further improvement involving milder reactions and higher product yield.

Results and Discussion

N-Halo compounds are versatile reagents and have been employed as potentially reactive intermediates that are widely used in organic synthesis. The exploitation of reagents for developing new synthetic methods is an art and constitutes a challenging process in organic chemistry. Consequently, considerable efforts have been made over the years to find newer reagents, which can minimize the drawbacks of those presently in use [34].

In recent years, 1,3-dihalo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DBH: I and DCH: II, Fig. 2) have been used as catalysts in organic synthesis [35]. Because these compounds are relatively non-toxic, easy to handle, low cost, green and possess good stability. 1,3-dihalo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (I and II) have been known for many years as efficient substitutes for classic halogenating agents such as: V-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) [36], TV-bromosuc-cinimide (NBS) and VV-bromoacetamid (NBA) [37].

First, to investigate the feasibility of this synthetic methodology for polyhydroquinoline derivatives, the reaction was carried out simply by mixing 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (1b, 1 mmol), dimedone (2, 1 mmol), ethyl acetoacetate (3, 1 mmol), and ammonium acetate (1.2 mmol) under solvent-free condition in the presence of 10 mol% of DBH. The mixture was stirred at 130 °C for 30 min and corresponding product was obtained in 94 % yield. Encouraged by this result, we have changed the amount of DBH and temperature of the reaction. The results are summarized in Table 1.

An increase in the quantity of DBH from 5 mol% to 10 mol% not only decreased the reaction time from 180 min to 30 min, but also increased the product yield slightly from 82 to 94 (entry 1, 2). Although the use of 15 mol% of DBH permitted the reaction time to decrease to 25 min, the yield unexpectedly decreased to 52% (entry 3). A possible explanation for the low product yield is that the starting material or the product may have been destroyed during the reaction when excess amount (15 mol%) of DBH was used in the exothermic reaction and that 10 mol% DBH was sufficient to catalyze the reaction effectively. When we carried out the reaction in DBH at room temperature, the reaction proceeded very slowly to give very poor yields (entry 7). We then screened the reaction condition by DCH. Interestingly, almost similar yields were achieved when DCH was used as catalyst (entry 8). As shown in Table 1, nearly no polyhydroquinoline could be detected in the absence of DBH (entry 9). Also, this reaction carried out in the presence of N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) as catalyst at 130 °C. The reaction proceeds in 40 min to give 82% yield (entry 10).

Using this optimized condition, a wide range aldehydes, ethylacetoacetate, 1,3-cyclic compound (dimedone or 1,3-cy-clohexandione) and ammonium acetate were subjected to this procedure to afford the corresponding product in high to excellent yield (Table 2). The scope and generality of this four-component coupling one-pot synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives through Hantzsch reaction is illustrated with different aldehydes (Table 2). All the reactions proceeded efficiently within 25-50 minutes at 130 °C to provide the corresponding polyhydroquinoline derivatives in excellent yields ranging from 80% to 94%. This method has the ability to tolerate a variety of functional groups such as methoxy, methyl, nitro, hydroxyl, halides, etc, under the reaction conditions. Both, the electron-rich and electron-deficient aldehydes as well as heterocyclic aldehyde worked well, loading to high yields of products. The structures of all the products were established from their spectral data.

After successfully synthesizing a series of polyhydroquin-oline derivatives in excellent yields, we turned our attention towards the synthesis of 1,8-dioxodecahydroacridine derivatives via reaction with 2 equivalents of cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds (dimedone or 1,3-cyclichexadione), aldehydes and ammonium acetate (Scheme 1, Table 2). As expected, these substrates underwent smooth, one-pot conversion to give the corresponding 1,8-dioxodecahydroacridines 5s-z in good yields.

Regarding the mechanism of the reactions which are catalyzed by DBH or DCH [35], a plausible mechanism for the formation of polyhydroquinoline and 1,8-dioxodecahydroacridine derivatives is proposed in Scheme 2. According to this mechanism, polyhydroquinoline 4a-r may be formed either through steps I-III or through steps IV-VI. Also, the formation of 5s-z takes place through a Hantzsch-like mechanism via conjugate addition of the enamine intermediate (obtained from dimedone and ammonium acetate, step V) to the corresponding product (obtained from dimedone and aldehydes 1a-z, step I) followed by imino-enamino tautomerism and subsequent cyclization.

In order to show efficiency of this method, we compared the results of the DBH or DCH catalyzed synthesis of polyhy-droquinoline and 1,8-dioxodecahydroacridine derivatives with those of several catalysts that have been recently published in the literature. As shown in Table 3, DBH or DCH, as a heterogeneous and green catalyst, is more efficient than most of the catalysts in terms of reaction time and yield are comparable to the others, which are not commercially available and must be synthesized.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we have demonstrated that DBH or DCH is a highly efficient catalyst for the synthesis of polyhydroquinoline and 1,8-dioxodecahydroacridines derivatives under solventfree conditions and low catalyst loading. In addition moisture compatibility of the catalyst, good to excellent yields of products, short reaction time, ,simple environmental and isolation procedures make this methodology a valid contribution to the existing processes in the field of polyhydroquinoline and 1,8-dioxodecahydroacridines derivatives synthesis. The process does not require the use of any volatile organic solvent, tedious work-up, strongly acidic conditions, metal catalyst and thus, is a simple, cleaner, easy, environmentally-friendly and safety reaction.

Experimental

General

IR spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu 435-U-04 spectropho-tometer (KBr pellets). ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra were obtained using Bruker DRX-300 Avance spectrometer in DMSO-d₆ or CDCl₃ using TMS as an internal reference. Melting points were determined in open capillary tubes in a Stuart BI Branstead Electrothermal Cat No:IA9200 apparatus and uncorrected.

(ii) Synthesis of 3,3,6,6-Tetramethyl-9-(4-chloro-phenyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroacridine-1,8-dione (5t). In a separate set of experiments, a mixture of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (1b, 1mmol), dimedone (2, 1 mmol), ethyl acetoacetate (3, 1 mmol), ammonium acetate (1 mmol) and DBH or DCH (10 mol%) was added and the mixture was heated on an oil bath at 130 °C for 20 min. These reactions were all repeated exactly under same conditions described above. The results obtained are showed in Table 2.

All the products are known, characterized by IR, NMR spectral analysis and compared with the authentic samples. Melting points of compounds are consistent with reported values.

Melting points for polyhydroquinoline and 1,8-dioxodeca-hydroacridine derivatives: 4a, mp (200-202 [12] 203-204); 4b, mp (243-245 [12], 245-246); 4c, mp (258-260 [12], 260-261); 4d, mp (207-210 [12], 208-210); 4e, mp (239-241, ref. 12, 242244); 4f, mp (177-179 [12], 178-179); 4g, mp (205-207 [12], 206-207); 4h, mp (185-186 [12], 185-186); 4i, mp (249-250 [12], 252-253); 4j, mp (199-200 [32], 202-204); 4k, mp (192193 [16c], 193-195); 4l, mp (239-241 [12], 238-240); 4m, mp (248-250 [12], 246-248); 4n, mp (240-242 [13], 240-241); 4o, mp (234-236 [13], 234-235); 4p, mp (200-202 [13], 204-205); 4q, mp (191-192 [13], 190-191); 4r, mp (240-242 [13], 240-241); 5s, mp (192-194 [13], 190-192); 5t, mp (297-300 [30], 299-301); 5u, mp (268-270 [30], 269-270); 5v, mp (220-222 [30], 220-222); 5w, mp (288-290 [30], 286-289); 5x, mp (285288 [30], 288-291); 5y, mp (276-278 [33], 279-281); 5z, mp (265-267 [33], 268-270).

Analytical data for selected compounds

Ethyl-1,4,7,8-tetrahydro-2,7,7-trimethyl-4-(3-methoxyphe-nyl)5-(6H)-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylate (4j): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 0.85 (s, 3H), 0.99 (s, 3H), 1.13 (t, 3H), 1.94-2.43 (m, 7H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 4.00 (q, 2H), 4.81 (s, 1H), 6.627.18 (m, 4H), 9.05 (s, 1H, NH, exchangeable with D₂O); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 5 14.61, 18.57, 26.78, 29.59, 26.19, 50.58, 55.17, 59.42, 104.16, 110.15, 111.10, 114.06, 120.23, 129.40, 145.37, 149.49, 150.65, 159.28, 167.55, 195.60; IR (KBr disc) cm^-1: 3233, 3080, 2965, 1696, 1612, 1490, 1384, 1284, 1220, 710.

Ethyl-4-(4-methylphenyl)-2-methyl-5-oxo-1,4,5,6, 7,8-hexahydroquinoline-3-carboxylate (4r): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 5 1.18 (t, 3H), 1.86-1.98 (m, 2H), 2.25-2.38 (m, 10H), 4.03 (q, 2H), 5.05 (s, 1H), 6.93 (s, 1H, NH, exchangeable with D₂O), 6.99-7.01 (d, 2H), 7.17-7.20 (d, 2H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) 5 14.19, 19.13, 21.02, 27.15, 35.88, 37.06, 59.32, 59.73, 105.90, 113.07, 127.76, 128.58, 135.37, 143.60, 144.37, 150.63, 167.57, 197.07; IR (KBr disc) cm^-1: 3233, 3073, 2985, 1684, 1610, 1486, 1394, 1280, 1230, 1084, 710.

3,3,6,6-Tetramethyl-9-(phenyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahy-droacridine-1,8-dione (5s): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.95 (s, 6H), 1.09 (s, 6H), 2.11-2.32 (m, 8H), 5.10 (s, 1H), 7.04-7.35 (m, 5H), 7.83 (brs, 1H, NH, exchangeable with D₂O); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDC1₃) 5 27.06, 29.53, 32.58, 33.59, 40.66, 50.85, 113.22, 125.95, 127.92, 127.98, 146.59, 149.04, 195.85; IR (KBr disc) cm^-1: 3233, 3080, 2965, 1696, 1602, 1059, 692.

The authors are grateful to research council Hakim Sabzevari University for financial support.

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