Speciation and Sources of Toxic Metals in Sediments of Lake Chapala, Mexico
Juan Luis Trujillo–Cárdenas,ª Nereida P. Saucedo–Torres,ª Pedro Faustino Zárate del Valle,ª Nely Ríos–Donato,ª Eduardo Mendizábal,ª Sergio Gómez–Salazarb*
ª Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guadalajara. Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Blvd. M. García Barragán # 1451, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México 44430, Tel. +52 33 3650 3401, Fax: +52 33 3619 7316.
b Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Guadalajara. Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Blvd. M. García Barragán # 1451, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México 44430, Tel. +52 33 3650 3401, Fax: +52 33 3619 7316. *Responsible author: sergio.gomez@cucei.udg.mx.
Received July 22, 2009 ]]> Accepted March 12, 2010
Abstract
Heavy metals chemical speciation in Lake Chapala sediments was studied using sequential extraction to assess the mobility of potentially biotoxic metals and to elucidate their sources. Lake water quality was also studied. Results show Cd, Pb, Cr present in exchangeable and carbonate fractions indicating anthropogenic origin. An ecologic history indicates anthropogenic sources of Cd, Pb, Cr during 1960–2006. Risk Assessment Code indicates very high risk of pollution for water column due to high potential detachment of heavy metals.
Key words: sediments; toxic metals; speciation; lake pollution.
Resumen
La especiación química de metales pesados en sedimentos del Lago de Chapala fue estudiada usando extracción secuencial para evaluar la movilidad de metales potencialmente biotóxicos y para determinar su origen. La calidad del agua del lago también fue estudiada. Los resultados muestran a Cd, Pb, Cr presentes en fracciones intercambiables y de carbonatos indican su origen antropogénico. Una historia ecológica indica fuentes antropogénicas de Cd, Pb, Cr durante 1960–2006. El Código de Evaluación de Riesgo indica riesgo muy alto de contaminación a la columna de agua debido al alto potencial de desprendimiento de estos metales.
Palabras clave: Sedimentos; metales tóxicos; especiación; contaminación del lago.
]]> DESCARGAR ARTÍCULO EN FORMATO PDF
References
1. Garrett, R. G. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 2000, 6, 945–963. [ Links ]
2. Forstner, U.; Wittman, G.T.W., in: Metal Pollution in the Aquatic Environment. Springer, Berlin, 1981. [ Links ]
3. Salomons, W.; Forstner, U., in: Metals in the hydrocycle. Springer, Berlin, 1984. [ Links ]
4. Calmano, W.; Hong, J.; Forstner, U. Water Sci. Technol. 1993, 28, 223–235. [ Links ]
5. Singh, K. P.; Mohan, D.; Singh, V. K., Malik, K. J. Hydrol. 2005, 312, 14–27. [ Links ]
6. Tessier, A.; Campbell, P. G. C.; Bisson, M. Anal. Chem. 1979, 51, 844–851. [ Links ]
7. Franco, D. R.; Berquo, T. S.; Imbernon, R. A. L.; Partiti, C. S. M.; Enzwieler, J. Environ. Geol. 2007, 52, 831–842. [ Links ]
8. Jain, C. K. Water Res. 2004, 38, 569–78. [ Links ]
9. Fytianos, K.; Lourantou, A. Environ. Int. 2004, 34, 11–17. [ Links ]
10. Dollar, N. L.; Souch, C. J.; Filippelli, G. M.; Mastalerz, M. Environ. Sci.Technol. 2001, 35, 3608–3615. [ Links ]
11. Hansen, A. M.; Maya, P. Environ Int. 1997, 23, 553–564. [ Links ]
12. Neuendorf, K. K. E.; Mehl, J. P.; Jackson, J. A. (Eds.), in: Glossary of Geology. American Geological Institute, 5th ed. Fairfax, VA, USA, 2005. [ Links ]
13. WHO (World Health Organization). Guidelines for drinking water quality, v. 1, Recommendations, 2nd ed. Geneva, 1993. [ Links ]
14. USEPA. Nutrient Criteria Technical Guidance Manual: Lakes and Reservoirs. EPA 822–D–99–001, 1999. [ Links ]
15. De Anda, J.; Shear, H., in: The Lerma–Chapala Watershed: Evaluation and Manegement. Hansen AM and van Afferden M (Eds), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, NY, 183–198 (Ch 8), 2001. [ Links ]
16. Simons, T.J.Centro de Estudios Limnologicos, Secretaria de Recursos Hidraulicos, Guadalajara, Jal. México. Pan American Health Organization. Project MEX–CWS–010, 1984. [ Links ]
17. Diario Oficial de la Federacion. NOM–127–SSA1–1994. Norma Oficial Mexicana. Environmental health. Water to be used for human consumption. Allowable limits of quality and treatment to make water drinkable [in Spanish]. Mexico, 1994. [ Links ]
18. Hansen, A. M.; Leon–Zavala, A.; Bravo–Inclan, L. Hydr. Eng. Mex. 1995, X, 55–69. [ Links ]
19. Hansen, A. M. Hydr. Eng. Mex. 1992, VII, 92–98. [ Links ]
20. Zárate–del Valle, P. F.; Michaud, F.; Parron, C.; Solana–Espinoza, G.; Israde–Alcantra, I.; Ramirez–Sanchez, H. U.; Fernex, F. in: The Lerma–Chapala Watershed: Evaluation and Manegement. Hansen AM and van Afferden M (Eds), Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, NY, (Ch 2), 2001. [ Links ]
21. Schwartzen–Allen, S. L.; Matijevic, E. Chem. Rev. 1974, 74, 385–400. [ Links ]
22. Neihof, R. A.; Loeb, G. I. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1972, 17, 7–16. [ Links ]
23. Hunter, K. A.; Liss, P. S. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1982, 27, 322–335. [ Links ]
24. Beckett, R.; Le, N. P. Colloids Surf. 1990, 44, 35–49. [ Links ]
25. Krauskopf, K. B., in: Introduction to Geochemistry. McGraw Hill, NY, 1967. [ Links ]
26. Hansen, A. M., van Afferden, M., in: The Lerma–Chapala Watershed: Evaluation and Manegement. Hansen AM and van Afferden M (Eds), Kluwer Academic/PlenumPublishers, NY, (Ch 4), 2001. [ Links ]
27. Persaud, D.; Jaagumagi, R.; Haytion, A. Guidelines for the Protection and Management of Aquatic Sediment Quality in Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy Report, 1993, pp. 30. [ Links ]
28. Salomons, W.; Forstner, U. Environ Technol Lett. 1980, 1, 506–517. [ Links ]
29. Perin, G.; Craboledda, L.; Luchese, M.; Cirillo, R.; Dotta, L.; Zanette, M. L.; Orio, A. A.; Lekkas T. D. (Ed), in: Heavy metal in the environment. 1985, 2, 454–456. [ Links ]
30. Ramírez–Sánchez, H. U., Hydrologic and Sedimentologic Characterization of a Tropical lake: Lake Chapala (Mexico). PhD Thesis, Universite de Nice, Sophia Antipolis, France, 2001. [ Links ]
31. Fernex, F.; Zárate–del Valle, P. F.; Ramírez–Sánchez, H. U.; Michaud, F.; Parron, C.; Dalmasso, J.; Barci–Funel, G.; Guzman–Arroyo, M. Chem. Geol. 2001, 177, 213–228. [ Links ]
32. Filonov, A. E. Hydrobiologia 2002, 467, 141–157. [ Links ]
33. Limon, J. G.; Lind, O. T.; Vodopich, D. S.; Doyle, R.; Trotter, B. G. Arch. Hydrobiol. 1989, 83, 57–81. [ Links ]
34. Scott, C. A.; Silva–Ochoa, P.; Florencio–Cruz, V.; Wester, P., in: The Lerma–Chapala Watershed: Evaluation and Manegement. Hansen AM and van Afferden M (Eds), Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, NY, (Ch 13), 2001. [ Links ]
35. Diario Oficial de la Federacion. NOM 001–SEMARNAT–1996. Norma Oficial Mexicana. Sets the maximum contaminant limits in wastewater discharges to national water bodies, Mexico, 1996. [ Links ]
36. Clesceri, L. S.; Greenber, A. E.; Eaton, A. D. (Eds), in: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Edition. APHA, AWWA, WEF. Baltimore, Md. USA, 1999. [ Links ]
37. Alatorre–Zamora, M. A.; Maciel Flores, R.; Rosas Elguera, J. Chapala Upper Crust Inferred by Magnetic Profiles Modeling, Geos 27–3, Union Geofísica Mexicana. Mexico City, 2007. [ Links ]
38. Dean, W. E. Jr. J. Sed. Petrol. 1974, 44, 242–248. [ Links ]
39. Förstner, U.; Ahlf, W.; Calmano, W.; Kersten, M.; Salomons, W.; Sly, P.G. (Ed.), in: Sediments and Water Interactions (3rd Intern. Symp. Interactions between Sedim. and Water Geneva), Springer–Verlag, New York – Berlin, 1986, 371–380. [ Links ]
40. Ambatsian, P.; Fernex, F.; Bernat, M.; Parrron, C.; Lecolle, J. J. Geochem. Explor. 1997, 59, 59–74. [ Links ]
41. O'Day, P. A.; Carroll, S. A.; Randall, S.; Martinelli, R. E.; Anderson, S. L.; Jelinski, J.; Knezovich, J. P. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 3665–3673. [ Links ]
42. Bostick, B. C.; Hansel, C. M.; La Force, M. J.; Fendorf, S. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 3823–3829. [ Links ]
]]>