<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1870-249X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[J. Mex. Chem. Soc]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1870-249X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Química de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1870-249X2005000200009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Clay and Refractory Materials Slurries in Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry: Effects of Mechanochemical Synthesis on Emission Intensities of Analytes]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mirian C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nogueira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana Rita A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nóbrega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joaquim A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos Departamento de Química ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Sao Carlos Sao Paulo]]></addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[São Carlos SP]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>134</fpage>
<lpage>142</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1870-249X2005000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1870-249X2005000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1870-249X2005000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The developed work investigated the application of mechanochemical synthesis for promoting reactions in the samples and for synthesizing new compounds for increment of emission intensities of analytes in clays and refractory materials slurries in inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry with axial viewing. The hypothesis is that it is possible to generate more volatile compounds during the grinding step and these new compounds will increase the intensities of emission signals for slurries introduced in the plasma. The action of two chemical modifiers, LiBO2 and Na2CO3, added during the grinding step was evaluated. The clays and refractory materials mixed with the chemical modifier were ground for 2 h using a high impact ball mill with a tungsten carbide grinding container and balls. Slurries were prepared by dispersing the modified clays and refractory materials in 10% v v-1 HNO3 solution and by shaking them in an ultrasonic bath to ensure good dispersion. The compounds produced during the grinding step were characterised by X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. Both techniques indicated the formation of new compounds in clays and refractory materials by mechanochemical synthesis. Chemical modification effects were evaluated by changes of the emission intensities of Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, P, Si, and Ti. Both modifiers caused increments of sensitivities for all analytes in up to 665% (Na2CO3) and 583% (LiBO2) compared to the emission signals for analytes present in slurries prepared using samples ground without adding modifiers.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Neste trabalho foi investigada a aplicação da síntese mecanoquímica para promover reações na amostra e sintetizar novos compostos visando aumentar as intensidades de emissão de elementos presentes em suspensões de argilas e materiais refratários quando introduzidas em espectrômetro de emissão óptica com plasma acoplado indutivamente com configuração axial. &#1040; hipótese formulada é que é possível gerar compostos mais voláteis durante a moagem e esses novos compostos causam aumento da intensidade dos sinais de emissão para os analitos em suspensões introduzidas no plasma. &#1040; ação de dois modificadores, LiBO2 e Na2CO3, adicionados durante a etapa de moagem foi investigada. As argilas e materiais refratários foram moídos juntamente com os modificadores químicos durante 2 h usando um moinho de bolas de alto impacto com recipiente e bolas de carbeto de tungstênio. As suspensões foram preparadas dispersando as argilas e os materiais refratários modificados em solução 10% v v-1 HNO3 e, posteriormente, sonicadas em banho de ultra-som para melhorar a homogeneização. Os compostos produzidos durante a etapa de moagem foram caracterizados por difração de raios X e análise termogravimétrica. Ambas as técnicas indicaram a formação de novos compostos nas argilas e materiais refratários por síntese mecanoquímica. Os efeitos da modificação química foram avaliados pelas mudanças nas intensidades de emissão dos analitos Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, P, Si e Ti. Ambos modificadores causaram aumento na sensibilidade para todos os analitos de até 665% (Na2CO3) e 583% (LiBO2) quando comparados às intensidades dos sinais de emissão obtidos para os analitos nas suspensões preparadas com as amostras sem modificação química.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mechanochemical synthesis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[slurry]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ICP OES]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[clays]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[refractory materials]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Article</font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Clay and Refractory Materials Slurries in Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission</b> <b>Spectrometry: Effects of Mechanochemical Synthesis on Emission Intensities of Analytes</b></font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Mirian C. Santos<sup>a</sup>, Ana Rita A. Nogueira<sup>b</sup> and Joaquim A. N&oacute;brega*<sup>,a</sup></b></font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>a </sup>Departamento de Qu&iacute;mica, Universidade Federal de S&atilde;o Carlos, CP 676, 13560&#45;970 S&atilde;o Carlos &#45; SP, Brazil</i>. * e-mail: <a href="mailto:djan@terra.com.br">djan@terra.com.br</a></font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup>b</sup><i> Embrapa Pecu&aacute;ria Sudeste, S&atilde;o Carlos &#45; SP, Brazil</i></font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Received: December 2, 2004    <br> 	Published on the web: April 6, 2005</font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">The developed work investigated the application of mechanochemical synthesis for promoting reactions in the samples and for synthesizing new compounds for increment of emission intensities of analytes in clays and refractory materials slurries in inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry with axial viewing. The hypothesis is that it is possible to generate more volatile compounds during the grinding step and these new compounds will increase the intensities of emission signals for slurries introduced in the plasma. The action of two chemical modifiers, LiBO<sub>2</sub> and Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>, added during the grinding step was evaluated. The clays and refractory materials mixed with the chemical modifier were ground for 2 h using a high impact ball mill with a tungsten carbide grinding container and balls. Slurries were prepared by dispersing the modified clays and refractory materials in 10% v v<sup>&#45;1</sup> HNO<sub>3</sub> solution and by shaking them in an ultrasonic bath to ensure good dispersion. The compounds produced during the grinding step were characterised by X&#45;ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. Both techniques indicated the formation of new compounds in clays and refractory materials by mechanochemical synthesis. Chemical modification effects were evaluated by changes of the emission intensities of Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, P, Si, and Ti. Both modifiers caused increments of sensitivities for all analytes in up to 665% (Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) and 583% (LiBO<sub>2</sub>) compared to the emission signals for analytes present in slurries prepared using samples ground without adding modifiers.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords:</b> mechanochemical synthesis, slurry, ICP OES, clays, refractory materials.</font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumo</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Neste trabalho foi investigada a aplica&ccedil;&atilde;o da s&iacute;ntese mecanoqu&iacute;mica para promover rea&ccedil;&otilde;es na amostra e sintetizar novos compostos visando aumentar as intensidades de emiss&atilde;o de elementos presentes em suspens&otilde;es de argilas e materiais refrat&aacute;rios quando introduzidas em espectr&ocirc;metro de emiss&atilde;o &oacute;ptica com plasma acoplado indutivamente com configura&ccedil;&atilde;o axial. &#1040; hip&oacute;tese formulada &eacute; que &eacute; poss&iacute;vel gerar compostos mais vol&aacute;teis durante a moagem e esses novos compostos causam aumento da intensidade dos sinais de emiss&atilde;o para os analitos em suspens&otilde;es introduzidas no plasma. &#1040; a&ccedil;&atilde;o de dois modificadores, LiBO<sub>2</sub> e Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>, adicionados durante a etapa de moagem foi investigada. As argilas e materiais refrat&aacute;rios foram mo&iacute;dos juntamente com os modificadores qu&iacute;micos durante 2 h usando um moinho de bolas de alto impacto com recipiente e bolas de carbeto de tungst&ecirc;nio. As suspens&otilde;es foram preparadas dispersando as argilas e os materiais refrat&aacute;rios modificados em solu&ccedil;&atilde;o 10% v v<sup>&#45;1</sup> HNO<sub>3</sub> e, posteriormente, sonicadas em banho de ultra&#45;som para melhorar a homogeneiza&ccedil;&atilde;o. Os compostos produzidos durante a etapa de moagem foram caracterizados por difra&ccedil;&atilde;o de raios X e an&aacute;lise termogravim&eacute;trica. Ambas as t&eacute;cnicas indicaram a forma&ccedil;&atilde;o de novos compostos nas argilas e materiais refrat&aacute;rios por s&iacute;ntese mecanoqu&iacute;mica. Os efeitos da modifica&ccedil;&atilde;o qu&iacute;mica foram avaliados pelas mudan&ccedil;as nas intensidades de emiss&atilde;o dos analitos Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, P, Si e Ti. Ambos modificadores causaram aumento na sensibilidade para todos os analitos de at&eacute; 665% (Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) e 583% (LiBO<sub>2</sub>) quando comparados &agrave;s intensidades dos sinais de emiss&atilde;o obtidos para os analitos nas suspens&otilde;es preparadas com as amostras sem modifica&ccedil;&atilde;o qu&iacute;mica.</font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/jmcs/v49n2/v49n2a9.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Acknowledgements</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">The authors wish to express their appreciation to Funda&ccedil;&atilde;o de Amparo &agrave; Pesquisa do Estado de S&atilde;o Paulo (S&atilde;o Paulo, SP, Brazil) for financial support of this research(FAPESP, Processes 02/04473&#45;6 and 03/04502&#45;9). We would like to thank M. Sc. Leandro Martins and Prof. Dr. Dilson Cardoso (Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal de S&atilde;o Carlos, S&atilde;o Carlos, SP, Brazil) for thermogravimetric analysis. J.A.N. and A.R.A.N. express their gratitude to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&iacute;fico e Tecnol&oacute;gico (CNPq, Bras&iacute;lia, DF, Brazil) for the researchships provided.</font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. Ingle, J.D.; Crouch, S.R.; <i>Spectrochemical Analysis,</i> Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 1988.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4891345&pid=S1870-249X200500020000900001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">2. Abollino, O.; Braglia, M.; Contardi, C.; Dai, G.; Mentasti, E.; Mosso, S.; Sarzanini, C.; <i>Anal. Chim. Acta</i> 1999, <i>383,</i> 243.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4891347&pid=S1870-249X200500020000900002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    ]]></body>
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