<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1870-2171</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Panorama económico (Ciudad de México)]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Panor. econ. (Ciudad de México)]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1870-2171</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Coordinación de Publicaciones de la  Escuela Superior de Economía]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1870-21712020000200139</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29201/pe-ipn.v16i31.266</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[¿Por qué México tiene que orientar su crecimiento económico hacia a las exportaciones en el T-MEC? evidencia empírica 1993-2019]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Why does Mexico have to direct its economic growth towards exports in the T-MEC? empirical evidence 1993-2019]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salazar-Núñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Héctor F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lozano-Díez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Venegas-Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Cristóbal Colón  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Panamericana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico Nacional  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>31</numero>
<fpage>139</fpage>
<lpage>156</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1870-21712020000200139&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1870-21712020000200139&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1870-21712020000200139&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Esta investigación examina la existencia de un vínculo causal entre el Producto Interno Bruto y Exportaciones para los países que integran el T-MEC con base en técnicas de cointegración y causalidad de Granger. El análisis se extiende al agregar el método de estimación de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios totalmente modificados (FMOLS). La evidencia empírica muestra que el Producto Interno Bruto y Exportaciones de Canadá, México y EU. son I(1), pero al aplicar pruebas de cointegración, sólo las variables pertenecientes a México estaban cointegradas. Por último se aplican pruebas de causalidad y se encuentra que el Producto Interno Bruto y las Exportaciones de México tienen una relación causal bidireccional. Por lo tanto, las políticas económicas destinadas a favorecer las exportaciones, también favorecerán al crecimiento económico y viceversa.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This paper is aimed at examining if there is a causal link between Gross Domestic Product and Exports for the countries that integrate the T-MEC on the basis of cointegration and Granger-causality techniques. The analysis is also extended by using the estimation method of fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS). Empirical evidence shows that Gross Domestic Product and Exports of Canada, Mexico and USA are I(1), but when applying the cointegration tests, only the variables belonging to Mexico were cointegrated. Finally, the causality test is applied and it was found that Gross Domestic Product and Exports of Mexico have a causal relation-ship of a bidirectional type. Therefore, economic policies destined to favor exports will also favor economic growth and vice versa.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[exportaciones, crecimiento económico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[modelos series de tiempo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cointegración]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[métodos econométricos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[exports, economic growth]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[time series models]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cointegration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[econometric methods]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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