<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1870-0578</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Mexican law review]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Mex. law rev]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1870-0578</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1870-05782022000100021</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/iij.24485306e.2022.2.16567</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[How Effective are Hybrid Anti-Corruption Agencies in Tackling Political Corruption? The Case of the Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguirre Fernandez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriela]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>21</fpage>
<lpage>51</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1870-05782022000100021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1870-05782022000100021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1870-05782022000100021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Literature on political corruption agrees that in contexts with widespread corruption, curbing it through institutions is insufficient. That is, formal rules like laws and anti-corruption agencies are not always obeyed or enforced because individuals regard corruption as the expected behavior. Therefore, some legal mechanisms remain unenforced. In addition, the conventional perspective suggests that fighting corruption is a problem of collective action and lack of civil society engagement. Nonetheless, scholars have ignored the role of international hybrid agencies in tackling this situation. In this article, I will propose elements to fill this gap and demonstrate that the Commission Against Impunity has proven to be an effective means of fighting political corruption and impunity in Guatemala. Similarly, the Commission&#8217;s legacy challenges theoretical mainstream anti-corruption theories. Using case study methodology and pursuing a documentary review, I argue that the Commission was competent in tackling impunity, overcoming the collective action dilemma, and encouraging social participation. These outcomes were possible due to the Commission&#8217;s institutional design and, to a lesser extent, cooperation between local and international actors.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La literatura sobre la corrupción política coincide en que, en contextos de corrupción generalizada, frenarla a través de las instituciones es insuficiente. Es decir, las reglas formales como leyes y agencias anticorrupción no siempre se obedecen o hacen cumplir porque las personas consideran la corrupción como la conducta esperada. Por lo tanto, algunos mecanismos legales siguen sin aplicarse. Además, la perspectiva convencional sugiere que la lucha contra la corrupción es un problema de acción colectiva y falta de participación de la sociedad civil. No obstante, los académicos han ignorado el papel de las agencias híbridas internacionales para ayudar a abordar esta situación. En este artículo, proporcionaré elementos para llenar este vacío y demostrar que la Comisión Contra la Impunidad ha demostrado ser un medio eficaz para combatir la corrupción política y la impunidad en Guatemala. De manera similar, el legado de la Comisión implica un reto a las principales teorías de combate a la corrupción. Siguiendo una metodología de estudio de caso y realizando una revisión documental, argumentaré que la Comisión fue competente para enfrentar la impunidad, superar el dilema de la acción colectiva y fomentar la participación de la sociedad. Estos resultados fueron posibles gracias al diseño institucional híbrido de la Comisión y en menor medida, a la cooperación entre actores locales e internacionales.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Political corruption]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[CICIG]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[institutions]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[impunity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[collective action]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[enforcement]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[corrupción política]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[CICIG]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[instituciones]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[impunidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[acción colectiva]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cumplimiento de la ley]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arellano Gault]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corrupción como proceso organizacional: comprendiendo la lógica de la desnormalización de la corrupción]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[REV. CONTAD. ADM.]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Archer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Clive]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International Organizations]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aumann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dreze]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jacques H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[When all is Said and Done, You Play and What Should You Expect?]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Center for Rationality and Interactive Decision Theory, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Azpuru]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dinorah]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Peace and Democratization in Guatemala: Two Parallel Processes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Peace Processes in Latin America]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Stanford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Stanford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bardhan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pranab]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corruption and Development: A Review of Issues]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Literature]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beltrán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adriana]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peacock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Susan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Hidden Powers in Post-Conflict Guatemala]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[WOLA]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bermeo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nancy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On Democratic Backsliding]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brands]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hal]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Crime, Violence, and the Crisis in Guatemala: a Case Study in the Erosion of the State]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Strategic Studies Institute]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brinkerhoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Derick W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Assessing political will for anti-corruption efforts: an analytic framework]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pub. Admon. and Development]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Call]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Charles]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hallock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeffrey]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Too Much Success? The Legacy and Lessons of the International Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Call]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Charles T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International Anti-Impunity Missions in Guatemala and Honduras: What Lessons for El Salvador?]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>CICIG</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Informe Comisiones de Postulación: Desafíos para asegurar la independencia judicial]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>CICIG</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Financiamiento de la política en Guatemala]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>CICIG</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Informe de Cierre EL legado de justicia en Guatemala]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Charron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nicolas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mapping and Measuring the Impact of Anti-Corruption Agencies: A New dataset for 18 Countries]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ New Public Management and the Quality of Government Conference]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>CICIG</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Cooptación del Estado de Guatemala]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Della Porta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Donatella]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vanucci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Hidden Order of Corruption: an Institutional Approach]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Speville]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bertrand]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Anticorruption Commissions: The Hong Kong Model Revisited]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Asia-Pacific Review]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diamond]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Larry]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[John Hopkins University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dave]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Why do developing country anti-corruption commissions fail to deal with corruption? Understanding the three dilemmas of organizational development, performance expectation, and donor and government cycles]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Public Administration and Development]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FJeldstad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Odd-Helge]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Isaksen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Anticorruption Reforms: Challenges, Effects and Limits of World Bank Support]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Walter]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miranda]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Curbing Corruption after Conflict: Anticorruption Mobilization in Guatemala]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Walter]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Youth-Led Anti-Corruption Movement in Post-Conflict Guatemala: &#8216;Weaving the Future&#8217;?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IDS BULLETIN]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Greg]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kabutaulaka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tarcisius Tara]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Intervention and State-Building in the Pacific: the Legitimacy of Co-Operative Intervention]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Manchester University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fuentes Knight]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[State Capture and Fiscal Policy in Latin America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Plaza Pública]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gintis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Herbert]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Explaining Altruistic Behavior in Humans]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Evolution and Human Behavior]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Guatemalans Force Corrupt President and VP to Resign]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Global Nonviolent Action Database]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Günther]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intervention by Invitation? Shared Sovereignty in the Fight against Impunity in Guatemala]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>101</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Helme]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gretchen]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levitsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Steven]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Informal Institutions and Comparative Politics: A Research Agenda]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Perspectives on Politics]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hudson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrew]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taylor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alexandra W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The International Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala: A New Model for International Criminal Justice Mechanisms]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of International Criminal Justice March]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Corruption, Contention, and Reform. The Power of Deep Democratization]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge Univ Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fighting systemic corruption: Social foundations for institutional Reform]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[EUR. J. DEV. RES.]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>10</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Syndromes of Corruption. Wealth, Power and Democracy]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<edition>1</edition>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge Univ. Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karklins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rasma]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The System Made Me do It. Corruption in Post-Communist Societies]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<edition>1</edition>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krasner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stephen]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sharing Sovereignty: New Institutions for Collapsed and Failing States]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Security]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levitsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Steven]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Politics of Institutional Weaknesses in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<edition>1</edition>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge Univ. Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levitsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Steven]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Victoria]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Variación en la Fortaleza Institucional]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Sociología]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>24</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levitsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Steven]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Victoria]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lessons from Latin America: Building Institutions on Weak Foundations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lohmuller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Guatemala&#8217;s Government Corruption Scandals Explained]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Insight Crime]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lunhow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Guatemala Outsources a Corruption Crackdown]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Wall Street Journal]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lührmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anna]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Third Wave of Autocratization is Here: What is New About it?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Democratization]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>NORAD</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Contextual Choices in Fighting Corruption: Lessons Learned]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[North]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Douglas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<edition>1</edition>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge Univ. Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nyberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tove]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The International Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala: A Non-Traditional Justice Effort]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revue Québecoise de Droit International]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malkin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elisabeth]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Guatemala President Who Championed Honesty Orders Anticorruption Panel Chief Out]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[New York Times]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[March]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[James]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Johen P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Institutional perspectives on political institutions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Governance]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[March]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[James]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Johen P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Elaborating the New Institutionalism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Oxford Handbook of Political Institutions]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<edition>1</edition>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marquette]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Heather]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pfeiffer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Caryn]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Corruption and Collective Action U4 Research Paper]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matanock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aila]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Shared Sovereignty in State-Building: Explaining Invited Interventions]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ American Political Science Association Annual Meeting]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Chicago, IL </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matanock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aila]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Governance Delegation Agreements: Shared Sovereignty as a Substitute for Limited Statehood]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Governance: an Int. Journal of Pol., Adm. and Inst.]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matute]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arturo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Guatemala Stumbles in Central America´s Anticorruption Fight]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[International Crisis Group]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Messick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Legacy of Guatemala´s Commission Against Impunity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Global Anticorruption Blog]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Messick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dear American Congress, Please Don´t Destroy Guatemala´s Best Hope for Combatting Corruption]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Global Anticorruption Blog]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mungiu-Pippidi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alina]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corruption: Diagnosis and Treatment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mungiu-Pippidi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alina]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Controlling Corruption Through Collective Action]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Donnell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guillermo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estado, democratización y ciudadanía]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nueva sociedad]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>128</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Otahal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tomas]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wawrosz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Petr]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Plat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Milan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What is the contribution of the Theory of Redistribution Systems to the Theory of Corruption?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of Economic Perspectives]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ostrom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eleonor]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Governing the Commons: the Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<edition>1</edition>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge Univ. Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perez Liñán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aníbal]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Presidential Impeachment and the New Political Instability in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge Univ. Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Liñán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aníbal]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mainwaring]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Scott]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La superviviencia de la democracia en América Latina (1945-2005)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[América Latina Hoy: Revista de Ciencias Sociales]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Liñán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anibal]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Presidential Hegemony and Backsliding in Latin America, 1925-2016]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Democratization]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Persson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anna]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Why Anti-Corruption Reforms Fail-Systemic Corruption as a Collective Action Problem]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Governance an International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Political Turmoil in Guatemala: Opportunities and Risks]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Crisis Group]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Philip]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mark]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Definition of Political Corruption]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Routledge Handbook of Political Corruption]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Paul Heywood ed.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Przeworsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adam]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Institutions Matter?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[GOV. AND OPP.]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reinold]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Theresa]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Causes and Effects of Hybrid Anti-Impunity Commissions: Outline of a Research Agenda]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rogers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tim]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How 9 strangers used Facebook to launch Guatemala´s biggest protest movement in 50 years]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Splinter]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Miles de guatemaltecos manifiestan durante ma&#769;s de 18 horas contra corruptos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Prensa Libre]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rothstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Quality of Government: Corruption, Social Trust, and Inequality in International Perspective]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Chicago Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stephenson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mathew]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The CICIG Crisis in Guatemala: How the Trump Administration Is Undermining US Anticorruption Leadership]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Global Anticorruption Blog]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B72">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Svensson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jakob]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Eight Questions about Corruption]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Perspectives]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B73">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Szeftel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Morris]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Misunderstanding African Politics: Corruption and the Governance Agenda]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of African American Political Economy]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>76</numero>
<issue>76</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B74">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriella]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How a Peaceful Protest Changed a Violent Country]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BBC News]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B75">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Former TV comedian expected to become Guatemala´s next president]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Guardian]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B76">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torsello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Davide]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The ethnographic study of corruption: Methodology and research focuses]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Routledge Handbook of Political Corruption]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Gaults de Graaf ed.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B77">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thürer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The &#8220;failed State&#8221; and international law]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Intl. Rev. Red Cros]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>81</volume>
<numero>836</numero>
<issue>836</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B78">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B79">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>World Bank Institute</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Anti-Corruption Commissions: Panacea or Real Medicine to Fight Corruption?]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B80">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>World Bank</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Anti-Corruption in Transition: a Contribution to the Policy Debate]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B81">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zapata Callejas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John Sebastian]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La teoría del Estado Fallido: entre aproximaciones y disensos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Relaciones Internacionales Estrategia y Seguridad]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B82">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zamora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Institutional Inosculation: The International Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala, International Rule of Law Mechanisms, and Creating Institutional Legitimacy in Post-Conflict Societies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Columbia Journal of Transnational Law]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B83">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zamudio-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laura]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La Comisión Internacional contra la Impunidad en Guatemala (CICIG). Una organización autodirigida]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Foro Internacional]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>LVIII</volume>
<numero>233</numero>
<issue>233</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B84">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zamudio-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laura]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hybrid Anticorruption Agencies]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zamudio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International Intervention Instruments Against Corruption in Central America]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<page-range>19-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B85">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zartman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zartam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[William]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Collapsed States: the Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<page-range>1-15</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Lynne Rienner Publishers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B86">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zechmeister]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elizabeth J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Azpuru]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dinorah]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[What Does the Public Report on Corruption, the CICIG, the Public Ministry, and the Constitutional Court in Guatemala? Latin American Public Opinion Project]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
