<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-952X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Economía UNAM]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Economía UNAM]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-952X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-952X2019000300213</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/fe.24488143e.2019.48.497</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Upgrading y competencia: reflexiones para firmas y países en desarrollo]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Upgrading and competence: reflections for companies and developing countries]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sandoval]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Seyka]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,UNAM Facultad de Economía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>48</numero>
<fpage>213</fpage>
<lpage>238</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-952X2019000300213&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-952X2019000300213&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-952X2019000300213&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Los estudios sobre cadenas de valor han focalizado su interés en la estructura de gobernanza o dirección, como la dinámica clave para identificar el funcionamiento de las industrias globales, los actores centrales y las posibilidades de crecimiento de los agentes subordinados. Recientemente, otros estudios relacionados con el diseño institucional y el poder en la cadena han sido incorporados a la literatura (Sturgeon, 2011), y en esta línea se inscribe el presente trabajo. El objetivo es discutir los límites del concepto de firma líder como agente central en la distribución de beneficios y límite para la estrategia de crecimiento de países y firmas o empresas en desarrollo. Proponemos a discusión la siguiente hipótesis analítica. Los segmentos más rentables de la cadena presentan estructuras de organización concentradas en pocas firmas (estructuras de mercado oligopólicas) que se encuentran protegidas por barreras a la entrada relativas a la propiedad del conocimiento (innovación) o el acceso a activos estratégicos (canales de financiamiento, comercialización o ventajas institucionales); por lo tanto, la estrategia de upgrading para los agentes subordinados se define acotada a priori por las necesidades de reproducción y crecimiento de la firma líder.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The studies on value chains have focused their interest on the structure of governance as the key dynamic to describe the performance of the global industries, the central actors, and the growth possibilities of subordinated agents. Recently, other studies related to institutional change and power have been incorporated into the literature (Sturgeon, 2011), and it is in this line that this work is inscribed. The goal is to discuss the limits in the concept of a leading firm as a central agent in the distribution of benefits, and a limit to the growth strategy of countries and developing firms. We propose to discuss the following analytical hypothesis. The most profitable segments of the chain have organizational structures concentrated in a few firms (oligopolistic market structures) that are protected by barriers to entry related to knowledge ownership (innovation) and/or access to strategic assets (channels of communication, financing, commercialization or institutional advantages), therefore, the upgrading strategy for subordinated agents is defined restricted a priori by the needs of reproduction and growth of the leading firm.]]></p></abstract>
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<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[O3]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[31]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[32]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Cambio tecnológico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Innovación e invención: procesos e incentivos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Gestión de la innovación tecnológica y de la I+D]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[O3]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[31]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[32]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Technological Change]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Management of Technological Innovation and R&amp;D]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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