<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-8574</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Latinoamérica. Revista de estudios Latinoamericanos]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Latinoamérica]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-8574</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Investigaciones sobre América Latina y el Caribe]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-85742022000200065</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/cialc.24486914e.2022.75.57449</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[&#8220;Muy parecido al infierno&#8221;: las circunstancias alrededor del movimiento estudiantil guatemalteco en 1968]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[&#8220;Muy parecido al infierno&#8221;: The Circumstances Surrounding the 1968 Student Movement in Guatemala]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Veliz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rodrigo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loesener]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Johann]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Valle de Guatemala  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Valle de Guatemala  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>75</numero>
<fpage>65</fpage>
<lpage>92</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-85742022000200065&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-85742022000200065&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-85742022000200065&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Este artículo examina las principales actividades del movimiento estudiantil guatemalteco en 1968. Expone las razones por las que en ese año no existieron grandes movilizaciones en sintonía con lo que sucedía en otras ciudades latinoamericanas y del mundo, debido al contexto de violencia por el que pasaba el país, derivado en parte de la fuerte presencia estudiantil en la política nacional desde inicios de la década y por la agitada vida gremial y las distintas facciones que la componían, su presencia en redes regionales y de organizaciones armadas, y sus acciones antimperialistas que promovían reformas universitarias ese año. El artículo se enmarca en los recientes debates sobre los matices que muestran los movimientos estudiantiles en la Guerra Fría latinoamericana y tiene como bases documentales los archivos de la Asociación de Estudiantes Universitarios y del Consejo Superior Universitario, complementados con entrevistas, folletería y archivos diplomáticos de México y Estados Unidos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: This article examines the main activities of the Guatemalan student movement in 1968. It seeks to understand the reasons why in that year there were no large mobilizations in tune with what was happening in other Latin American and world cities. It demonstrates that this was due to the context of violence that the country was going through, derived in part from the strong student presence in national politics since the beginning of the decade. It shows its agitated union life and the different factions that made it up, its presence in regional networks and armed organizations, and its anti-imperialist actions promoting university reforms that year. The article is framed within recent debates on the nuances of student movements in the Latin American Cold War. It is based on archives of the Asociación de Estudiantes Universitarios and the University Superior Council, complemented with interviews, newspaper archives, political brochures and declassified State Department and Mexican documents.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Movimiento estudiantil]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Guerra Fría]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[1968]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Violencia política]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Nueva izquierda]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Student Movement]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cold War]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[1968]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Political violence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[New Left]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acuña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Víctor]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Centroamérica en las globalizaciones (siglos XVI-XXI)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<page-range>13-27</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguilera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La violencia en Guatemala como fenómeno político]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cuernavaca ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CIDOC]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Virgilio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Conventos, aulas y trincheras]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Guatemala ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Flacso]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barbosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Insurgent Youth: Culture and Memory in the Sandinista Movement]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Indianapolis ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Indiana University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Booth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Guatemalan Nightmare. Levels of Political Violence. 1966-1972]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>195-225</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Booth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[William]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rethinking Latin America&#8217;s Cold War]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Historical Journal]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<page-range>1-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castañeda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Historia del Rock en Guatemala]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Guatemala ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chaves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Randall]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;¡No más hippies! Identidad juvenil, memoria y pánico en la Guerra Fría: el mayo de 1968 en Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>46</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Process and the Implications of Change in the Guatemalan Catholic Church]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Austin ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Texas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Debray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Regis]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ricardo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Guatemala]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Las pruebas de fuego]]></source>
<year>1975</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Siglo XXI]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Early]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La población de Guatemala. La estructura y evolución demográfica de un sistema campesino]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Antigua ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CIRMA]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Figallo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Beatriz]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Henríquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[De lo internacional a lo transnacional: renovación y complejidad en la Historia de las Relaciones Internacionales]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudos Ibero-Americanos]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Figueroa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Los que siempre estarán en ninguna parte. La desaparición forzada en Guatemala]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Guatemala ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[GAM, CIIDH]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Figueroa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Violencia y revolución en Guatemala]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UNAM]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fink]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carole]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gassert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Phillip]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Junker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Detlef]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[1968: The World Transformed]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Firk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Escritos de Michelle Firk]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revolución y cultura]]></source>
<year>1970</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>19</numero>
<issue>19</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Friedman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Max]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Retiring the Puppets, Bringing Latin America Back In: Recent Scholarship on United States-Latin American Relations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diplomatic History]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Green]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[James]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Babb]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Florence]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Introduction]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Perspectives]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gould]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeffrey]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Solidarity under Siege: the Latin American Left, 1968]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The American Historical Review]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>114</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carolyn]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[América Central como región geográfica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holloway]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[1968 y la crisis del trabajo abstracto]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bajo el volcán]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>13</numero>
<issue>13</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kiddle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Amelia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mexico&#8217;s Relations with Latin America during the Cárdenas Era]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Albuquerque ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of New Mexico Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kraft]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Douglas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Una contrainsurgencia fuera de control. Lyndon B. Johnson y la contrainsurgencia en Guatemala]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roberto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Guatemala y la Guerra Fría en América Latina. 1947-1977]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>207-21</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Guatemala ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CEUR]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kurlansky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mark]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Year that Rocked the World. 1968]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ballantine Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Langland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Victoria]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Birth Control Pills and Molotov Cocktails. Reading Sex and Revolution in 1968 Brazil]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joseph]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gilbert]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spenser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniela]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[In from the Cold. Latin América&#8217;s New Encounter with the Cold War]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Durham ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Duke University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[To Export Progress. The Golden Age of University Assistance in the Americas]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Indianapolis ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Indiana University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lowy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El romanticismo revolucionario de mayo del 68]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alondo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aurelio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[68 francés, 40 mayos después]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[La Habana ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial de Ciencias Sociales]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macías]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La guerrilla fue mi camino]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Guatemala ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Piedra Santa]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manzano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Valeria]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Argentina Tercer Mundo: Nueva izquierda, emociones, y política revolucionaria en las décadas de 1960 y 1970]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Desarrollo Económico]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>212</numero>
<issue>212</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rui]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Los movimientos estudiantiles de América Latina. Un marco de referencia]]></source>
<year>1970</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Concepción (Chile) ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Concepción]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Markarian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vania]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sobre viejas y nuevas izquierdas. Los jóvenes comunistas uruguayos y el movimiento estudiantil de 1968]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Secuencia]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>81</volume>
<page-range>159-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Markarian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vania]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Uruguay, 1968 Student Activism from Global Counter-culture to Molotov Cocktails]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oakland ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of California Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mejía]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laura]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El exilio costarricense en México en la década de 1940]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cuadernos Americanos]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>152</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monterrosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;¡Por la democracia y libertad de Guatemala! Exiliados del ubiquismo en la frontera sur de México (1934-1938)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Secuencia]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>107</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moulton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aaron]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Building their own Cold War in their Own Backyard: the Transnational, International Conflicts in the Greater Caribbean Basin, 1944-1954]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cold War History]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Painter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leffler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Melvyn]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Introduction: the International System and the Origins of the Cold War]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Origins of the Cold War. An International History]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petersen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Political Role of University Students in Guatemala: 1944-1968]]></source>
<year>1969</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Pensilvania ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Pittsburgh]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pettiná]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vanni]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La Guerra Fría en América Latina]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Randall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stephen]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ideology, National Security and the Corporate State: the historiography of U.S.-Latin American relations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Research Review]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guadalupe]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Exiliados guatemaltecos en México: una experiencia recurrente]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pacarina del Sur]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>45</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ross]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kristin]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[May &#8216;68 and its Afterlives]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Chicago University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rueda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Claudia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Students of Revolution. Youth, Protest, and Coalition Building in Somoza-Era Nicaragua]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Austin ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Texas Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rueda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Claudia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¡A la huelga! Secondary Students, Schools Strikes, and the Power of Educational Activism in 1970s Nicaragua]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Americas]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>77</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanders]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sara]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Mexican Student Movement of 1968: National Protest Movements in International and Transnational Contexts]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stites]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jessica]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Human Rights and Transnational Solidarity in Cold War Latin America]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madison ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Wisconsin Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adalberto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La Revolución mexicana y su repercusión en América Latina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Latinoamérica]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>44</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carol]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El desarrollo de la primacía urbana, la dependencia en la exportación y la formación de clases en Guatemala]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Mesoamérica]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<volume>8</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Strauss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Charles]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Catholicism, Central America and United States Politics During the Cold War, 1943-1988]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Indiana ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Notre Dame]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sznajder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roniger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The politics of Exile in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taracena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arturo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las lecciones del 68]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bajo el Volcán]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>13</numero>
<issue>13</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tarcus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Horacio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El mayo argentino]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Osal]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>24</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tischler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sergio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Guatemala: crisis y revolución. Ocaso y quiebre de una forma estatal]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Guatemala ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[F&amp;G Editores]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres-Rivas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edelberto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El golpe militar de 1963]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Centroamérica: la democracia posible]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San José ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[EDUCA]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toussaint]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mónica]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guadalupe]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vázquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Vecindad y diplomacia. Centroamérica en la política exterior mexicana, 1821-1988]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[SRE]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vázquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fabián]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Solidaridad transnacional y conspiración revolucionaria. Cuba, México y el Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres de Guatemala, 1967-1976]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jan de]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La frontera sur y sus fronteras: una visión histórica]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kauffer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edith F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Identidades, migraciones y género en la frontera sur de México]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de la Frontera Sur]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vrana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Heather]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Huelga de Dolores and Guatemalan University Students, &#8216;Happy and Wicked&#8217; Reproduction of Space, 1966-1969]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fraser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Benjamin]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Marxism and Urban Culture]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Maryland ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Lexington Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vrana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Heather]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Anti-Colonial Texts from Central American Student Movements, 1929-1983]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<month>a</month>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Edinburgh ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Edinburgh University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vrana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Heather]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The City Belongs to you. A History of Student Activism in Guatemala, 1944-1996]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<month>b</month>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oakland ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of California Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vrana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Heather]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[In Guatemala, 68 Came Six Years Early: the Problem of Periodization]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wallerstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Immanuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[1968: The Great Rehearsal]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arrighi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Giovanni]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hopkins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Terence]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wallerstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Immanuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Antisystemic Movements]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Verso]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weld]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kirsten]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Other Door: Spain and the Guatemalan Counter-Revolution, 1944-54]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Latin American Studies]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zolov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eric]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Expanding our Conceptual Horizons: the Shift from an Old to a New Left in Latin America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[A contracorriente]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Archivo de la Asociación de Estudiantes Universitarios (AAEU)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de Guatemala ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Archivo Histórico de la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores (AHSRE)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Archivo Histórico de la Universidad de San Carlos (AHUSAC)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamérica (CIRMA)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Antigua Guatemala ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Digital National Security Archive, Congress Library (DNSA-CL)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Hemeroteca, Biblioteca Nacional (BN)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de Guatemala. ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Lyndon Johnson Presidential Library (LJPL)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Austin, Texas ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Maryland ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>US Declassified Documents, Congress Library (USD-CL)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
