<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-6423</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Journal of applied research and technology]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[J. appl. res. technol]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-6423</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-64232012000100008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Implementation of Polyvynil-Alcohol Mixed With Nano-Particles as a Near Representation of Biological Tissue: Ultrasonic and PhotoThermal Study]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quispe-Siccha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reyes-Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Segundo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hevia-Montiel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arámbula-Cosío]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sato-Berrú]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores-Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México D.F.]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas Departamento de Ciencias de la Computación]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México D.F.]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>63</fpage>
<lpage>72</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-64232012000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-64232012000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-64232012000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[We present experimental results related to the manufacturing of phantoms based on polyvinyl-alcohol (PVA) mixed with SiO2, graphite and Ag nanoparticles. These phantoms are dummy representations of the human tissue of the breast gland. We focus our attention on the representation of the optical and the mechanical properties of the actual biological healthy tissue and of that representing a hidden cancer tumor (lesion). The quality of the samples is tested by ultrasonic imaging and laser induced photothermal (PT) detection technique. From the former test, the mechanical contrast that one can achieve is apparent. Instead, the laser detection technique makes it possible to determine that the optical contrast is achievable. For the laser induced PT method we register the so-called photothermal amplitudes, rather known as photoacoustic (PA) signals. These are the ultimate expression of laser-induced bursts of photothermal processes, whose engine is the fraction of the optically absorbed energy that decays through non-radiative channels. In our case we look for the conditions at which the PT phenomena are produced by a hidden dummy-tumor alone; meaning that the output signals are nearly free from substantial contributions from the bulk of the phantom. This is so as to mimic the actual mechanical and optical absorption performance of breast tissue with an inner cancer tumor. From the ultrasound images one can see how apparent the resemblance with the actual human tissue is.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Presentamos resultados experimentales sobre la fabricación de fantasmas a base de alcohol polivinílico (PVA) mezclado con nano-partículas de SiO2, grafito y Ag. Estos fantasmas son una representación artificial del tejido humano de la glándula mamaria. Nos enfocamos en la representación de las propiedades ópticas y mecánicas de tejidos sanos y de tejidos de lesiones o anomalías internas. Esto en clara representación de un tumor cancerígeno. La calidad de las muestras se analizan mediante imágenes de ultrasonido y mediante detección de procesos foto-térmicos (FT) inducidos por láser. El primer método de análisis nos permite verificar de manera inmediata el contraste mecánico que se obtiene de las muestras. La detección FT permite mostrar el contraste óptico que se logra. Esto se hace mediante el registro de la amplitud de las perturbaciones foto-térmicas inducidas por pulsos láser, también conocidas como señales fotoacústicas. Estas son las expresiones más representativas de los fenómenos fototérmicos, inducidos por la fracción de la energía óptica absorbida que decae a través de procesos no-radiativos. En nuestro caso buscamos las condiciones en las cuales los fenómenos fototérmicos son generados únicamente por la lesión oculta en el maniquí, sin contribución sustancial de la masa del fantasma. De esta manera, logramos representar el desempeño óptico y mecánico del tejido de seno con un tumor en su interior. De las imágenes de ultrasonido, es evidente la semejanza con el tejido humano real.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Polyvinyl-alcohol]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nanoparticles]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[photothermal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ultrasound]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[phantom]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Implementation of Polyvynil&#150;Alcohol Mixed With Nano&#150;Particles as a Near Representation of Biological Tissue: Ultrasonic and PhotoThermal Study</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>R. M. Quispe&#150;Siccha*<sup>1</sup>, B. Reyes&#150;Ram&iacute;rez<sup>1</sup>, C. Garc&iacute;a&#150;Segundo<sup>1</sup>, N. Hevia&#150;Montiel<sup>4</sup>, F. Ar&aacute;mbula&#150;Cos&iacute;o<sup>1</sup>, R. Sato&#150;Berr&uacute;<sup>1</sup>, J. O. Flores&#150;Flores<sup>1</sup></b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>1</sup> Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnol&oacute;gico, Universidad Nacional Aut&oacute;noma de M&eacute;xico, Circuito Exterior Universitario. Apdo. Postal (P.O. Box) 70&#150;186. Coyoac&aacute;n 04510. M&eacute;xico, D.F. *</i> <a href="mailto:rosa.quispe@gmail.com">rosa.quispe@gmail.com</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>4</sup> Departamento de Ciencias de la Computaci&oacute;n, Instituto de Investigaciones en Matem&aacute;ticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas Universidad Nacional Aut&oacute;noma de M&eacute;xico (UNAM) Apartado Postal 20&#150;726, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510. M&eacute;xico, D.F. </i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>ABSTRACT</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">We present experimental results related to the manufacturing of phantoms based on polyvinyl&#150;alcohol (PVA) mixed with SiO<sub>2</sub>, graphite and Ag nanoparticles. These phantoms are dummy representations of the human tissue of the breast gland. We focus our attention on the representation of the optical and the mechanical properties of the actual biological healthy tissue and of that representing a hidden cancer tumor (lesion). The quality of the samples is tested by ultrasonic imaging and laser induced photothermal (PT) detection technique. From the former test, the mechanical contrast that one can achieve is apparent. Instead, the laser detection technique makes it possible to determine that the optical contrast is achievable. For the laser induced PT method we register the so&#150;called photothermal amplitudes, rather known as photoacoustic (PA) signals. These are the ultimate expression of laser&#150;induced bursts of photothermal processes, whose engine is the fraction of the optically absorbed energy that decays through non&#150;radiative channels. In our case we look for the conditions at which the PT phenomena are produced by a hidden dummy&#150;tumor alone; meaning that the output signals are nearly free from substantial contributions from the bulk of the phantom. This is so as to mimic the actual mechanical and optical absorption performance of breast tissue with an inner cancer tumor. From the ultrasound images one can see how apparent the resemblance with the actual human tissue is.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords:</b> Polyvinyl&#150;alcohol, nanoparticles, photothermal, ultrasound, phantom. </font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>RESUMEN</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Presentamos resultados experimentales sobre la fabricaci&oacute;n de fantasmas a base de alcohol polivin&iacute;lico (PVA) mezclado con nano&#150;part&iacute;culas de SiO<sub>2</sub>, grafito y Ag. Estos fantasmas son una representaci&oacute;n artificial del tejido humano de la gl&aacute;ndula mamaria. Nos enfocamos en la representaci&oacute;n de las propiedades &oacute;pticas y mec&aacute;nicas de tejidos sanos y de tejidos de lesiones o anomal&iacute;as internas. Esto en clara representaci&oacute;n de un tumor cancer&iacute;geno. La calidad de las muestras se analizan mediante im&aacute;genes de ultrasonido y mediante detecci&oacute;n de procesos foto&#150;t&eacute;rmicos (FT) inducidos por l&aacute;ser. El primer m&eacute;todo de an&aacute;lisis nos permite verificar de manera inmediata el contraste mec&aacute;nico que se obtiene de las muestras. La detecci&oacute;n FT permite mostrar el contraste &oacute;ptico que se logra. Esto se hace mediante el registro de la amplitud de las perturbaciones foto&#150;t&eacute;rmicas inducidas por pulsos l&aacute;ser, tambi&eacute;n conocidas como se&ntilde;ales fotoac&uacute;sticas. Estas son las expresiones m&aacute;s representativas de los fen&oacute;menos fotot&eacute;rmicos, inducidos por la fracci&oacute;n de la energ&iacute;a &oacute;ptica absorbida que decae a trav&eacute;s de procesos no&#150;radiativos. En nuestro caso buscamos las condiciones en las cuales los fen&oacute;menos fotot&eacute;rmicos son generados &uacute;nicamente por la lesi&oacute;n oculta en el maniqu&iacute;, sin contribuci&oacute;n sustancial de la masa del fantasma. De esta manera, logramos representar el desempe&ntilde;o &oacute;ptico y mec&aacute;nico del tejido de seno con un tumor en su interior. De las im&aacute;genes de ultrasonido, es evidente la semejanza con el tejido humano real.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/jart/v10n1/v10n1a8.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><b>References</b></i></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;1&#93;&nbsp;Hisaka M., Sugiura T. and Kawata S., "Optical cross&#150;sectional imaging with pulse ultrasound wave assistance", J. Opt. Soc. Am. 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<person-group person-group-type="author">
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<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
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<name>
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<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Optical cross-sectional imaging with pulse ultrasound wave assistance]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Opt. Soc. Am. A.]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>18</volume>
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<surname><![CDATA[NanGuang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Chen]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Imaging tumor angiogenesis by use of combined near-infrared diffusive light and ultrasound]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Opt. Lett.]]></source>
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<person-group person-group-type="author">
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<surname><![CDATA[Arámbula-Cosío]]></surname>
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</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lira Berra]]></surname>
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<name>
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<name>
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<surname><![CDATA[Quispe-Siccha]]></surname>
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<name>
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