<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-5346</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de economía y finanzas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. econ. finanz]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-5346</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-53462025000100003</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21919/remef.v20i1.1196</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Dynamics of R&amp;D Efforts, Patents, Exports and Economic Growth by World Trade Region, 1990-2021]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Dinámica de los esfuerzos de I+D, Patentes, Exportaciones y Crecimiento Económico por la Región de Comercio Mundial, 1990-2021]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alenka]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez Viquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hortensia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López Herrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico Nacional  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-53462025000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-53462025000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-53462025000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This paper has two objectives. First, to compare the dynamics of R&amp;D/GDP (%), resident patent applications, high-tech exports -VATX- (%), and the innovation and economic growth patterns of countries in North America, the European Union and Asia between 1997 and 2021. Second, to estimate the impact of R&amp;D/GDP and resident and non-resident patent applications on VATX for each selected country through an ARDL model in the period 1997-2016. Results show that countries with more resident patent applications have more VATX. Overall, the effect of the number of resident patent applications and R&amp;D expenditure on VATX depends on the dynamics in each country. Thus, in the United States, Germany, Japan, and China, the effect of the R&amp;D, the number of resident and non- resident patents applied for, on the tendency to VATX is positive, while in the rest of the economies, the results are mixed. Comparing the dynamics of innovation and economic growth between the &#8220;old&#8221; and &#8220;new&#8221; members of the European Union, we find evidence of differentiated patterns, with the &#8220;old&#8221; members&#8217; economic growth is particularly linked to the sustainability of innovative activity, supported by continuous R&amp;D efforts, while among the new members some are beginning to build the virtuous circles that will lead them to sustainable economic growth. The differences are also evident among the USMCA countries, where the United States is the leader and Mexico has dispersion and erratic growth rates, showing that economic growth is not significantly related to innovation. In contrast, in the Southeast Asian region, the dynamics of innovation and GDP grow in a sustained and articulated manner over time.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este documento tiene dos objetivos. En primer lugar, comparar la dinámica de la I+D/PIB (%), las solicitudes de patentes de residentes, las exportaciones de alta tecnología -VATX- (%), y los patrones de innovación y crecimiento económico de países de América del Norte, la Unión Europea y Asia entre 1997 y 2021. En segundo lugar, estimar el impacto de la I+D/PIB y las solicitudes de patentes de residentes y no residentes en las VATX para cada país seleccionado mediante un modelo ARDL en el periodo 1997-2016. Los resultados muestran que los países con más solicitudes de patentes de residentes tienen más VATX. En general, el efecto del número de solicitudes de patentes residentes y del gasto en I+D sobre las VATX depende de la dinámica de cada país. Así, en Estados Unidos, Alemania, Japón y China, el efecto de las variables I+D, número de patentes residentes solicitadas y tendencia a VATX es positivo, mientras que en el resto de las economías los resultados son mixtos. Comparando la dinámica de la innovación y el crecimiento económico entre los antiguos y los nuevos miembros de la Unión Europea, encontramos evidencias de patrones diferenciados, destacando los antiguos miembros que su crecimiento económico está especialmente ligado a la sostenibilidad de la actividad innovadora, apoyada por los continuos esfuerzos en I+D, mientras que entre los nuevos miembros algunos están empezando a construir los círculos virtuosos que les llevarán a un crecimiento económico sostenible. Las diferencias también son evidentes entre los países del TMEC, donde Estados Unidos es el líder y México presenta tasas dispersas y erráticas de crecimiento e innovación, lo que demuestra que el crecimiento económico no está significativamente relacionado con la innovación. Por el contrario, en la región del Sudeste Asiático, la dinámica de la innovación y el PIB crecen de forma sostenida y articulada en el tiempo.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[patents]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[economic growth]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cointegration model]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mexico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[NAFTA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[European and Asian countries]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[patentes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[crecimiento económico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[modelo de cointegración]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[México]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[TLCAN]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[países europeos y asiáticos]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aghion]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Howitt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Endogenous Growth Theory]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge and London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The MIT Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aghion]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akcigit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deaton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roulet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Creative Destruction and Subjective Well-Being.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Economic Review]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>106</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>3869-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aghion]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jaravel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Knowledge Spillovers, Innovation and Growth]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Economic Journal]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>125</volume>
<page-range>533-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aali Bujari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Venegas Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Technological Innovation and Economic Growth in Latin America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Mexicana de Economía y Finanzas Nueva Época]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>77-89</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akcigit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Innovation, Public Policy and Growth:What the Data Say]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akcigit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benedetti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Impullitti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Licandro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Macroeconomic Modelling of R&amp;D and Innovation Policies]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<page-range>9-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Archibugi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Patenting as an indicator of technological innnovation: a review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science and Public Policy]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>357-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Antonelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Endogenous Innovation. The economics of an Emergent System Property]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cheltenham, UK, Massachusetts. US ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Edgar Elgar]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aoki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prusa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[International standards for intellectual property protection and R&amp;D incentives]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of International Economics]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<page-range>251-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Archibugi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.,]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A new indicator of technological capabilities for developed and developing countries (ArCo)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World Development]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>629-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Archibugi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Filippetti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Globalisation of Intellectual Property Rights: Four Learned Lessons and Four Theses]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Global Policy]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>137-49</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arrow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The economic implications of learning by doing]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of Economic Studies]]></source>
<year>1962</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>155-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Atun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harvey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wild]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Innovation, patents and economic growth]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Innovation Management]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>279-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Audretsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keilbach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Knowledge Spillover Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Audretsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Falk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heblich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lederer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Handbook of Research on Innovation and Entrepreneurship]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cheltenham, UK and Massachusetts, US ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Edward Elgar]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baldwin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The importance of Research and Development for Innovation in Small and Large Canadian Manufacturing Firms]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Braga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Primo C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trade&#8208;Related Intellectual Property Issues: The Uruguay Round Agreement and its Economic Implications]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Will]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Winters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. Alan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Uruguay Round and the Developing Countries]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<page-range>341-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baumol]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Formal entrepreneurship theory in economics. Existence and bounds]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Bussiness Venturing]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>197-210</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cantwell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Innovation, profits and growth: Schumpeter and Penrose]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Growth of the Firm: The Legacy of Edith Penrose]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Reading, Department of Economics]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The effect of digital transformation on real economy enterprises&#8217; total factor productivity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Review of Economics &amp; Finance]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>85</volume>
<numero>May</numero>
<issue>May</issue>
<page-range>488-501</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.-Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Social Capital and Innovation in East Asia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Asian Development Review]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>207-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cimoli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dosi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maskus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[L.Okediji]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reichman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stiglitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intellectual Property Rights]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Legal and Economic Challenges fo Development]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Helpman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[International R&amp;D Spillovers]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Economic Review]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<numero>39</numero>
<issue>39</issue>
<page-range>859-87</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Constatinos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nellis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Papageogiadis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The effect of patent enforcement strength and FDI on economic growth]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Multinational Bussiness Review]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>334-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Correa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Musung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The WIPO Patent Agenda: The Risks for Developing Countries 26]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[S. Ctr., Trade&#8208;Related Agenda, Development and Equity (T.R.A.D.E.)]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dascoli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ezell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The North American Subnational Innovation Competitiveness Index]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Information Technology &amp; Innovation Foundation]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Erstling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Strom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Korea's Patent Policy and Its Impact on Economic Development: A Model for Emerging Countries?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Mitchell Hamline School of Law, 11 San Diego International Law Journal]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>2010</volume>
<numero>Spring</numero>
<issue>Spring</issue>
<page-range>441-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eugster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[L]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Giang]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jaumotte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piazza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[International knowledge spillovers]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Geography]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1191-224</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>European Commission</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Innovation Policy: updating the Union&#8217;s approach in the context of the Lisbon strategy. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels European Commission. 2023]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Innovation Scoreboard 2023]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Luxembourg ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[European Union]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fink]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Primo Braga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How Stronger Protection of Intellectual Property Rights Affects International Trade Flows]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fink]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cartens]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maskus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Keith E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Intellectual Property and Development. Lessons from Recent Economic Research]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<page-range>19-40</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Bank]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fukuda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Science, technology and innovation ecosystem transformation toward society 5.0]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Production Economics]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>220</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prospects for Developing Countries Under the TRIPs Agreement]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[29 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<numero>735</numero>
<issue>735</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in the North American Free Trade Agreement: A Successful Case of Regional Trade Regulation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American University International Law Review]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>817-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gambardella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Private and social functions of patents: Innovation, markets, and new firms]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Research Policy]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>52</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gould]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gruben]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The role of intellectual property rights in economic growth]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Development Economics]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>323-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grilliches]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[R&amp;D, Patents and Productivity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[National Bureau of Economic Research]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago and London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Chicago Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grilliches]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Patent Statistics as Economic Indicators: A Survey]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Literature]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<page-range>1661-707</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Herrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Venegas-Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Un análisis de cointegración entre patentes y crecimiento económico en México, 1980-2008]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Investigación Económica]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>LXXI</volume>
<numero>281</numero>
<issue>281</issue>
<page-range>83-115</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alenka]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez Víquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hortensia]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Herrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Patentes y crecimiento económico en México durante el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economía teoría y práctica, Nueva Época]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>número especial</numero>
<issue>número especial</issue>
<page-range>177-214</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zúñiga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Patentes en la industria farmacéutica de México: los efectos en la I&amp;D y la innovación]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comercio Exterior]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>1104-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Viniegra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Industria farmacéutica y propiedad intelectual: los países en desarrollo]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Miguel Angel Porrúa editores-UAM]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Is there a role for patents in the financing of new innovative firms?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Industrial and Corporate Change]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>657-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bronwyn H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harhoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dietmar]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Recent Research on the Economics of Patents]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annual Review of Economics, Annual Reviews]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>541-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Henry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stiglitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intellectual Property, Dissemination of Innovation and Sustainable Development]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Global Policy]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>237-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. G. Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Png]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. P. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Patent rights and economic growth: Evidence from cross-country panels of manufacturing industries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Oxford Economic Papers]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>675-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hussain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dominguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[NAFTA and Intellectual Property Rights: Regionally Strapped?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hussain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dominguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[North American Regionalism and Global Spread]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<page-range>73-93</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Imam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How patent protection helps Developing Countries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Aipla Quarterly Journal]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>377-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kacprzyk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dory&#324;]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Innovation and economic growth in old and new member states of the European Union]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ekonomska Istra&#382;ivanja]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1724-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khouilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bastidon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Does increased intellectual property rights protection foster innovation in developing countries? A literature review of innovation and catch-up]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of International Development]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<page-range>1170-88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Choo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Appropriate intellectual property protection and economic growth in countries at different levels of development]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Research Policy]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>358-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kotabe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Comparative Study of U.S. and Japanese Patent Systems]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of International Business Studies]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>147-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lederman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maloney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Servén]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Lessons from NAFTA for Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) Countries: A Summary of Research Findings]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Bank]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Appropriability, R&amp;D Spending, and Technological Performance]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The American Economic Review]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>424-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lucas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On the Mechanics of Economic Development]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Monetary Economics]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>3-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malerba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orsenigo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Winter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;History-friendly&#8221; models of industry evolution: The computer industry]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Industrial and Corporate Change]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>3-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maradana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pradhan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. R. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dash]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gaurav]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jayakumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chatterjee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Does innovation promote economic growth? Evidence from European countries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mariani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Machado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Magrelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dwivedi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Artificial intelligence in innovation research: A systematic review, conceptual framework, and future research directions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Technovation]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>122</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marshall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Principles of economics]]></source>
<year>1920</year>
<edition>8a</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[MacMillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mohamed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Causality between Technological Innovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Economies of Developing Countries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sustainability]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Myszczyszyn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Long-run Relationships between Number of Patents and Economic Growth]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Research Studies Journal]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>XXIII</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>548-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nagaoka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Motohashi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Patents Statists as Innovation Indicator]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Handbook of the Economics of Innovation]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>1083-127</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Winter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[National Systems of Innovation. A Comparative Study]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nguyen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doytch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The impact of ICT patents on economic growth: An international evidence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Telecommunications Policy]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thompson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rushing]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Patent Protection on Economic Growth: An Extension]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Development]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>OCDE-FECYT</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Manual de Frascati. Propuesta de Norma Práctica para Encuestas de Investigación y Desarrollo Experimental]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Paris ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortega-Argilés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. Mc]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Innovation productivity paradox]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ginarte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intellectual Property Rights and Economic Growth]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Contemporary Economic Policy]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>51-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[International Patent Protection: 1960-2005]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Research Policy]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>761-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Walter G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Technology Trade and Nafta]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economics Research]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<page-range>1-39</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taylor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trips, Trade and Growth]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Economic Review]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>361-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teece]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Technology Transfer by Multinational Firms: The Resource Cost of Transferring Technological Know How]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economic Journal]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<numero>346</numero>
<issue>346</issue>
<page-range>242-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shadlen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guennif]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Narayanan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intellectual property, Pharmaceuticals and Public Health]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Access to drugs in developing countries]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cheltenham, U.K. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Edgar Elgar]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Endogenous Technical Change]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>98</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>S71-S102</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B72">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sakakibara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Do stronger patent system induce more innovation? Evidence from the 1988 Japanese Patent Law Reforms]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The RAND Journal of Economics]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>77-100</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B73">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sarpong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boakye]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ofusu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Botchie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The three pointers of research and development (R&amp;D) for growth-boosting sustainable innovation system]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Technovation]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>122</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B74">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scherer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[New Perspectives on Economic Growth and Technological Innovation]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Brooking Institution Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B75">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thompson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rushing]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Patent Protection on Economic Growth]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Development]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>61-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B76">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thompson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rushing]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An empirical Analysis of the Impact of Patent Protection on Economic Growth: An Extension]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Development]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>67-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B77">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Venturini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intelligent technologies and productivity spillovers. Evidence from the Fourth Industrial Revolution]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>194</volume>
<page-range>220-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
