<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-5346</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de economía y finanzas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. econ. finanz]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-5346</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-53462022000100002</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21919/remef.v17i1.706</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Descomposición de la brecha salarial de género en el Ecuador]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Decomposition of the gender wage gap in Ecuador]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linthon-Delgado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diego Emilio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Méndez-Heras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lizethe Berenice]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Guayaquil  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Ecotec  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-53462022000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-53462022000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-53462022000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Objetivo: Estimar los componentes que determinan la brecha salarial de género en el mercado laboral de los empleados de públicos y privados del Ecuador. Metodología: Se utilizó el método de descomposición Blinder-Oaxaca (1973) con corrección por sesgo de selección sobre los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo (ENEMDU) de septiembre de 2020. Resultados: La brecha salarial de género es de 35.6 puntos porcentuales. Las dotaciones de las mujeres (escolaridad y experiencia laboral) contribuyen a reducir la brecha mientras que los factores no observados (discriminación) la incrementan. Recomendaciones: La política pública debe orientarse hacia combatir la discriminación para reducir la desigualdad de género. Limitaciones e implicaciones: Se sugiere que más investigaciones se dediquen a estudiar los factores determinantes de la discriminación de género. Originalidad: Este trabajo aporta evidencia sobre la desigualdad salarial de género basada en un método de descomposición con corrección de selección. Conclusiones: La discriminación hacia las mujeres es la principal causa de la desigualdad salarial de género en el mercado laboral del Ecuador.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Objective: Estimate the components that determine the gender wage gap in the labor market of public and private employees in Ecuador. Methodology: We used the Blinder-Oaxaca (1973) decomposition method with correction for selection bias on the data from the Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo (ENEMDU) for September 2020. Results: The gender wage gap is 35.6 percentage points. Women's endowments (schooling and work experience) contribute to reduce the gap while unobserved factors (discrimination) increase it. Recommendations: Public policy should be oriented towards combating discrimination to reduce gender inequality. Limitations and implications: More research should be focus on studying the determinants of gender discrimination. Originality: This paper provides evidence on gender wage inequality based on a decomposition method with correction for selection bias. Conclusions: We conclude that discrimination against women is the main cause of gender wage inequality in the Ecuadorian labor market.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[C13]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[C52]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[J16]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[J31]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[J71]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[O54]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Género]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Brecha salarial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Discriminación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Econometría]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ecuador]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[C13]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[C52]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[J16]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[J31]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[J71]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[O54]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Gender]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Wage differentials]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Discrimination]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Econometrics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Ecuador]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aigner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Statistical Theories of Discrimination in Labor Markets]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Industrial and Labor Relations Review]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arceo-Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campos-Vázquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evolución de la brecha salarial de género en México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[El Trimestre Económico]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>81</volume>
<numero>323</numero>
<issue>323</issue>
<page-range>619</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arrow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Models of Job Discrimination]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pascal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Racial Discrimination in Economic Life]]></source>
<year>1972</year>
<page-range>83-102</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arulampalam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Booth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bryan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Is there a glass ceiling over Europe? Exploring the gender pay gap across the wage distribution]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Industrial and Labor Relations Review]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>163-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Atal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nopo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Winder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[New Century, Old Disparities: Gender and Ethnic Wage Gaps in Latin America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[SSRN Electronic Journal]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ayala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Análisis semiparamétrico de la brecha salarial de género en el Ecuador]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad San Francisco de Quito]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bayard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hellerstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neumark]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Troske]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[New Evidence on Sex Segregation and Sex Differences in Wages from Matched Employee&#8208;Employer Data]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Labor Economics]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>887-922</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Becker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The economics of discrimination]]></source>
<year>1957</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The University of Chicago Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Becker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Human Capital: A theoretical and Empirical Analysis]]></source>
<year>1964</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The University of Chicago Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Becker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>1962</year>
<volume>70</volume>
<numero>5, Part 2</numero>
<issue>5, Part 2</issue>
<page-range>9-49</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benítez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinoza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Discriminación salarial por género en el sector formal en Ecuador usando registros administrativos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cuadernos de Trabajo Temáticos]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>6</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bergmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sex Segregation in the Blue-collar Occupations: Women&#8217;s Choices or Unremedied Discrimination?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gender &amp; Society]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>88-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Análisis de género de las diferencias salariales en las siete principales áreas metropolitanas colombianas: ¿Evidencia de discriminación?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Investigaciones sobre género y desarrollo en Colombia]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<page-range>65-144</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Consejería Presidencial Para La Equidad De La Mujer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Biltagy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estimation of Gender Wage Differentials Using Oaxaca Decomposition Technique]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Topics in Middle Eastern and North African Economies]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>17-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brummund]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. Y.-H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trends in Occupational Segregation by Gender 1970-2009: Adjusting for the Impact of Changes in the Occupational Coding System]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Demography]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>471-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hendricks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Occupational Segregation by Sex: Trends and Prospects]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Human Resources]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>197</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kahn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gender Differences in Pay]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Perspectives]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>75-100</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kahn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Gender Wage Gap: Extent, Trends, and Explanations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Literature]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>789-865</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blinder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Estimates]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Human Resources]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>436</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borjas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Ours]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Labor Economics]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<edition>2nd</edition>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[McGraw-Hill]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borraz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Brecha Salarial en Uruguay]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Análisis Económico (RAE)]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>49-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bourguignon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Decomposing Changes in the Distribution of Household Incomes: Methodological Aspects]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Microeconomics of Income Distribution in East Asia and Latin America]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<page-range>17-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pagán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Oreggia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Occupational attainment and gender earnings differentials in Mexico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Industrial and Labor Relations Review]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>123-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cabrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinoza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mazaira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diferencias salariales y satisfacción laboral entre géneros y etnias en el Ecuador]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[ECOCIENCIA]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calónico]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ñopo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gender segregation in the workplace and wage gaps: Evidence from urban Mexico 1994-2004]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Research on Economic Inequality]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>2009</numero>
<issue>2009</issue>
<page-range>245-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Celiberti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ardanche]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Entre el techo de cristal y el piso pegajoso. El trabajo como herramienta de inclusión en el Uruguay de 2011]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cotidiano Mujer]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>CEPAL</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Nota para la Igualdad N°18]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Christofides]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Polycarpou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vrachimis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gender wage gaps, &#8216;sticky floors&#8217; and &#8216;glass ceilings&#8217; in Europe]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Labour Economics]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>april</numero>
<issue>april</issue>
<page-range>86-102</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cotton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On the Decomposition of Wage Differentials]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Review of Economics and Statistics]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>70</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tendencias mundiales del empleo de las mujeres]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DiNardo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fortin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lemieux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Labor Market Institutions and the Distribution of Wages, 1973-1992: A Semiparametric Approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometrica]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1001</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donald]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Green]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paarsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Differences in wage distributions between Canada and the United States: An application of a flexible estimator of distribution functions in the presence of covariates]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of Economic Studies]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>67</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>609-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Erosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fuster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Restuccia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A quantitative theory of the gender gap in wages]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Economic Review]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>85</volume>
<page-range>165-87</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinoza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Estimación de la brecha salarial entre hombres y mujeres: un análisis por cuantiles para el Ecuador]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ESPOL]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinoza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nereyda]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Estimación de la brecha salarial entre hombres y mujeres: un análisis por cuantiles para el Ecuador]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fortin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lemieux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Firpo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Decomposition Methods in Economics]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Handbook of Labor Economics]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier Inc]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Aracil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Winter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gender and ethnicity differentials in school attainment and labor market earnings in Ecuador]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World Development]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gasparini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marchionni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Escudero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Characterization of Inequality Changes through Microeconometric Decompositions: The Case of Greater Buenos Aires]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Micreconomics of Income Distribution Dynamics in East Asia and Latin America]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<page-range>47-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Görlich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grip]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Human Capital Depreciation during Home Time]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Oxford Economic Papers]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>61</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heckman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sample selection bias as a specification error]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometrica]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heckman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lochner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Todd]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Earnings Functions, Rates of Return and Treatment Effects: The Mincer Equation and Beyond]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Handbook of the Economics of Education]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<edition>1st</edition>
<page-range>307-458</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hegewisch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liepmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Occupational segregation and the gender wage gap in the US]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Handbook of Research on Gender and Economic Life]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<page-range>200-17</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Edward Elgar Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Méndez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La corrección del sesgo de selección en los análisis de corte transversal de discriminación salarial por sexo: estudio comparativo en los países de la Unión Europea]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estadística Española]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<page-range>179-214</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>ILO</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Women in Labor Markets: Measuring Progress and Identifying Challenges]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[International Labor Organization]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Stata implementation of the Blinder-Oaxaca]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[ETH Zurich Sociology Working Paper]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>453-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jarrell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stanley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Declining Bias and Gender Wage Discrimination? A Meta-Regression Analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Human Resources]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>XXXIX</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>828-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jemberie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Estimating the causes and consequences of gender wage discrimination in Ethiopia]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Southern Illinois University Carbondale]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Juhn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murphy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pierce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Wage Inequality and the Rise and Returns to Skill]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>101</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>410-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kahn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Understanding International Differences in the Gender Pay Gap]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gender, Inequality, and Wages]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>177-212</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kunze]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gender wage gap studies: consistency and decomposition]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Empirical Economics]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>63-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larrea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montenegro Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ecuador]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patrinos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. .]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Indigenous Peoples, Poverty and Human Development in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan UK]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llamas Rembao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huesca Reynoso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Impact of Income Taxes on Wages. A Non Parametric Analysis of the Mexican Case]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Mexicana de Economía y Finanzas]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>79-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Machado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Counterfactual decomposition of changes in wage distributions using quantile regression]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Applied Econometrics]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>445-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maradona]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calderón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Estimación del sesgo de selección para el mercado laboral de Mendoza]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional del Cuyo]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matuszewska-Janica]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Men and women wage differences in Spain and Poland]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Montenegrin Journal of Economics]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>45-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Melly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Estimation of Counterfactual Distributions using Quantile regression]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<numero>50</numero>
<issue>50</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Melly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Blaise]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Public-private sector wage differentials in Germany: Evidence from quantile regression]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Empirical Economics]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>505-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mincer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Schooling, experience, and earnings. Human behavior &amp; social institutions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[National Bureau of Economic Research]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neumark]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Employers&#8217;Discriminatory Behavior an the Estimation of Wage Discrimination]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Human Resources]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>279-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nieto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Educational outcomes and socioeconomic status: A decomposition analysis for middle-income countries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Prospects]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>325-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nopo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallardo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ethnic and Gender Wage Gaps in Ecuador]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[SSRN Electronic Journal]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<numero>679</numero>
<issue>679</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oaxaca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Economic Review]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oelz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tomei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿Cuáles son las causas de la brecha de remuneración entre hombres y mujeres?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Igualdad salarial - Guía introductoria]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>OIT</collab>
<source><![CDATA[La brecha salarial entre hombres y mujeres en América Latina: En el camino hacia la igualdad salarial]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olivetti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petrongolo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Unequal pay or unequal employment? A cross-country analysis of gender gaps]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Labor Economics]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>621-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ospino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roldán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barraza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Oaxaca-Blinder wage decomposition: Methods, critiques and applications. A literature review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Economía Del Caribe]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<page-range>237-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Brecha de ingresos entre géneros (Comparación entre el Gran Buenos Aires y el Noroeste Argentino)]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Anales de la AAEP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torresano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Etnia y género en el mercado laboral ecuatoriano: cuatro aplicaciones empíricas para la descomposición salarial]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perrotta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Investment in human capital]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Unproductive Labour in Political Economy]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>102-15</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Phelps]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Statistical Theory of Racism and Sexism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Economic Review]]></source>
<year>1972</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<page-range>659-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mujeres y trabajo en América Latina: Desafíos para las políticas laborales]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B72">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reimers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Labor Market Discrimination Against Hispanic and Black Men]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Review of Economics and Statistics]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>570</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B73">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Teoría y práctica de la discriminación en el mercado laboral ecuatoriano (2007-2012)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Analítika : Revista de Análisis Estadístico]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<page-range>7-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B74">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diferencial salarial por género entre el sector público y privado formal-informal en México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Economía, Facultad de Economía, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>93</numero>
<issue>93</issue>
<page-range>62-89</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B75">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salardi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Wage Disparities and Occupational Intensity by Gender and Race in Brazil: An Empirical Analysis Using Quantile Decomposition Techniques]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Sussex]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B76">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schultz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The economic value of education]]></source>
<year>1963</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Columbia University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B77">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schultz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Investment in Human Capital. The Role of Education and of Research]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Free Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B78">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stiglitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Approaches toThe economics of discrimination]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The American Economic Review]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B79">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tenjo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ribero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evolución de las brechas salariales de género en seis países de América Latina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Mujeres y trabajo en América Latina: Desafíos para las políticas laborales]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>149-199</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B80">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weichselbaumer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Winter-Ebmer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A meta-analysis of the international gender wage gap]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Surveys]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>479-511</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B81">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wellington]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Changes in the Male/Female Wage Gap, 1976-85]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Human Resources]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>383</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B82">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corcoran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Courant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pay Differences among the Highly Paid: The Male-Female Earnings Gap in Lawyers&#8217; Salaries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Labor Economics]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>417-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B83">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Woodhall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Human Capital Concepts]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economics of Education]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<edition>Second</edition>
<page-range>21-4</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
