<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-5346</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de economía y finanzas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. econ. finanz]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-5346</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-53462021000300009</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21919/remef.v16i3.636</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Informality, Gender Employment Gap, and COVID-19 in Mexico: Identifying Persistence and Dynamic Structural Effects]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Informalidad, brecha de género en el empleo y COVID-19 en México: identificando la persistencia y los efectos estructurales dinámicos]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cuellar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cecilia Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-53462021000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-53462021000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-53462021000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The objective is to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the dynamics of the Mexican labor market (formal-informal employment) by gender. It is built consistent micro-founded time-series from 1987:Q1 to 2019:Q4 using the Mexican urban employment surveys and estimate a VAR model linking aggregate production and each market segment. Our results suggest significant adverse effects on formal employment resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, with lengthy job recovery for females and males. The informal sector in both genders presents a lower forecasted response to the initial production shock but substantial observed employment losses, potentially linked to structural changes in the market. In the COVID-19 crisis, the informal sector is not a substitute for formal employment losses. The complexity of this crisis suggests crafting policies to improve the easiness of the market to enhance formal job recovery while promoting gender equality. Our main contribution is to estimate the diverse employment losses by segments and a critical structural change in the labor market dynamics resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic focusing on urban employment.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El objetivo es analizar el impacto de la pandemia del COVID-19 en la dinámica del mercado laboral mexicano (empleo formal-informal) por género. Se construyen series de tiempo microfundamentales consistentes desde 1987:Q1 hasta 2019:Q4 utilizando las encuestas de empleo urbanas mexicanas, y se estima un modelo VAR que vincula la producción agregada y cada segmento del mercado. Nuestros resultados sugieren que hay efectos adversos significativos en el empleo formal como resultado de la pandemia del COVID-19, con una larga recuperación del empleo para las mujeres y los hombres. El sector informal, en ambos sexos, presenta una respuesta pronosticada menor al choque de producción inicial, pero pérdidas sustanciales de empleo observadas, potencialmente vinculadas a cambios estructurales en el mercado. En la crisis de COVID-19, el sector informal no es un sustituto de las pérdidas de empleo formal. La complejidad de esta crisis sugiere la elaboración de políticas que mejoren la facilidad del mercado para potenciar la recuperación del empleo formal al tiempo que se promueve la igualdad de género. Nuestra principal contribución es estimar las diversas pérdidas de empleo por segmentos y un cambio estructural crítico en la dinámica del mercado laboral resultante de la pandemia de COVID-19, centrando el análisis en el empleo urbano.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[informality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[gender gap employment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mexico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[impulse response function]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[informalidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[brecha de género en empleo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[México]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[funciones impulso-respuesta]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akkemik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The response of employment to GDP growth in Turkey: an econometric estimation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Applied Econometrics and International Development]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>65-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alcaraz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Informal and formal labour flexibility in Mexico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Desarrollo y Sociedad]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<numero>63</numero>
<issue>63</issue>
<page-range>115-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alcaraz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chiquiar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos-Francia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diferenciales salariales intersectoriales y el cambio en la composición del empleo urbano de la economía mexicana en 2001-2004]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alcaraz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cambios en la composición del empleo y evolución de la productividad del trabajo en el sector formal de la economía mexicana: 2000-2005]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Documentos de Investigación del Banco de México]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Algazi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Esfuerzos mal recompensados: la elusiva búsqueda de la prosperidad en México]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Inter-American Development Bank]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Altamirano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Azuara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[¿Cómo impactará la COVID-19 al empleo? Posibles escenarios para América Latina y el Caribe]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arrow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chenery]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Minhas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Capital-Labor Substitution and Economic Efficiency]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of Economics and Statistics]]></source>
<year>1961</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>225</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Banco de México, B. D. M.</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Resumen Ejecutivo del Informe Trimestral enero-marzo 2020]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Banco de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Becker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[An economic analysis of the family]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Economic and Social Research Institute]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CEPAL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[América Latina y el Caribe ante la pandemia del COVID-19: efectos económicos y sociales]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chavarin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El costo del desempleo medido en producto: una revisión empírica de la ley de Okun para México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[El Trimestre Económico]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<page-range>209-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cuellar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Evolución de la brecha salarial en México: Un enfoque de género y capital humano para el sector formal asalariado]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>de Desarrollo, B. I.</collab>
<source><![CDATA[¿Cómo impactará el COVID-19 al empleo? Posibles escenarios para América Latina y el Caribe]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Du]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gardner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Lancet infectious diseases]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>533-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>INEGI</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Encuesta Nacional de Empleo Urbano (ENEU), años de 1987 a 2019]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>INEGI</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE), años de 2005 a 2019]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Escobedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Transición y persistencia en el ciclo formal-informal en México: El papel del capital humano]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Economía Laboral]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esquivel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los impactos económicos de la pandemia en México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economía UNAM]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>51</numero>
<issue>51</issue>
<page-range>28-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chapa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bedoy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El sector informal en México: medición y cálculo para la recaudación potencial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ciencia UANL]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gandrud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Whitten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Dynamic Simulations of Autoregressive Relationships in R with dynsim]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[8. Small&#8208;scale entrepreneurs in Ghana and development planning]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Development Studies]]></source>
<year>1970</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>104-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huesca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villarreal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ochoa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efecto del COVID-19 en el empleo digital en México: un análisis con cadenas de Markov]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Panorama Económico]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>32</numero>
<issue>32</issue>
<page-range>151-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huesca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Camberos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El mercado laboral mexicano 1992-2002. Un análisis contrafactual de los cambios en la informalidad]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economía Mexicana. Nueva Época]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>XVIII</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>5-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Humphries]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Women's employment in restructuring America: the Changing Experience of Women in Three Recessions]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rubery]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jill]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Women and Recession]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<page-range>20-47</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge and Kegan Paul]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Instituto Nacional de estadística y Geografía, INEGI</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Indicadores de ocupación y empleo. Cifras oportunas durante marzo de 2020]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>International Monetary Fund, IMF</collab>
<source><![CDATA[World economic outlook: The great lockdown]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[International Monetary Fund]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Islas-Camargo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Revisiting Okun's law for Mexico: an analysis of the permanent and transitory components of unemployment and output]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez-Bandala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peralta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olvera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aceves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La situación del mercado laboral en México antes y durante la COVID-19]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Internacional de Salarios Dignos]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>1-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maloney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Informality revisited]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World Development]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>1159-78</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mendoza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[COVID-19 y el empleo en México: impacto inicial y pronósticos de corto plazo]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Contaduría y administración]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Mexico, C. V.</collab>
<source><![CDATA[El impacto del COVID-19 sobre el empleo formal en los estados]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La crisis ocasionada por la COVID-19 y sus efectos en el empleo y la pobreza en México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Internacional de Salarios Dignos]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>23-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Are Formal and Informal Labor Market Wages Different? Analyzing the Gains and Losses from Formalization in México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ensayos]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nunez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Impacto del COVID-19 en el empleo en México: posibles escenarios y algunas recomendaciones de política económica]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>OECD</collab>
<source><![CDATA[OECD Economic Surveys: Mexico 2019]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Okun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Potential GNP: Its Measurement and Significance]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proceedings of the Business and Economic Statistics Section of the American Statistical Association]]></source>
<year>1962</year>
<page-range>89-104</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Alexandria, VA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[American Statistical Association]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>INEGI</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Producto Interno Bruto (PIB), años 1987 a 2019]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramirez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Impactos del COVID-19 en el (des) empleo en México]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Samaniego]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El COVID-19 y el desplome del empleo en México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[EconomíaUNAM]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>51</numero>
<issue>51</issue>
<page-range>306-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sampedro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Estructura economica: theoría basica y estructura mundial]]></source>
<year>1969</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ediciones Ariel]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
