<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-5044</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de neurociencia]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. neurocienc.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-5044</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Academia Mexicana de Neurología A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-50442022000600223</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24875/rmn.21000064</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Stimulant drugs to promote the awake state and cognitive performance: do they really work?]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Fármacos estimulantes para promover el estado de alerta y el desempeño cognitivo: ¿realmente funcionan?]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carrillo-Mora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lugo Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yesenia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Franyutti-Prado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kenia F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Barragán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marlene A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cervera-Delgadillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nelly G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación &#8220;Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra&#8221; Division of Neuroscience ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Mexico City ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México School of Psychology ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Mexico City ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado Internal Medicine Departament Hospital General Dr. Fernando Quiroz Gutiérrez]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Mexico City ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación &#8220;Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra&#8221; Division of Neurological Rehabilitation ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Mexico City ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México School of Medicine ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Mexico City ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<fpage>223</fpage>
<lpage>232</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-50442022000600223&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-50442022000600223&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-50442022000600223&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract It is increasingly common for healthy people to seek means to improve their alertness, or to try to get better their performance in some cognitive functions; this with the aim of increasing their performance and productivity in the academic or work environment. Several stimulant drugs have been used for many decades and have recently become very popular especially among young people. However, general practitioners and even specialists are rarely informed of their real benefits or potential adverse effects. This review provides an updated overview of the effects (positive and adverse) of some stimulant drugs that have been used to maintain alertness or improve cognitive performance in healthy subjects. For stimulant drugs, the positive effects improving the subjective symptoms of sleep deprivation are well established. However, the cognitive effects of stimulant drugs are still highly variable and inconsistent, since there are few studies that have been carried out with adequate methodological design. In addition, there are several adverse effects, from mild to severe that can be observed and there is a concern of potential addiction effect to some of them. Some stimulant drugs can improve alertness, but their positive effects improving cognition are not yet fully proven.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Es cada vez más común que las personas sanas busquen medios para mejorar su estado de alerta o su desempeño cognitivo; esto con la finalidad de incrementar su productividad en los ámbitos académicos y laborales. Múltiples fármacos estimulantes han sido utilizados desde hace varias décadas y recientemente se han popularizado entre los jóvenes. Sin embargo, es poco común que los médicos generales e incluso los especialistas estén adecuadamente informados sobre sus beneficios reales y sus efectos adversos potenciales. El presente artículo realiza una revisión actualizada sobre los efectos tanto positivos como adversos de los fármacos estimulantes que han sido utilizados para mejorar el estado de alerta o la cognición en sujetos sanos. Para varios estimulantes, los efectos sobre el estado de alerta están bien establecidos. No obstante, los efectos cognitivos aún son muy variables e inconsistentes, en particular debido a que existen pocos estudios que se hayan llevado a cabo con rigor metodológico. Adicionalmente, existe la posibilidad de efectos adversos desde leves a severos y la preocupación sobre potenciales efectos adictivos para algunos de ellos. Algunos fármacos estimulantes pueden mejorar el estado de alerta, pero sus efectos sobre la cognición aún no están completamente probados.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Stimulant drugs]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Alertness]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cognition]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Sleepiness]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Addiction]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Fármacos estimulantes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Alerta]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Cognición]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Somnolencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Adicción]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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