<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-4420</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Signos históricos]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Sig. his]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-4420</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UAM, Unidad Iztapalapa, División de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-44202024000100178</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El control del esclavo y las fisuras sociales en la comunidad blanca del sur estadounidense, 1830-1860]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The control of the slave and social rifts in the white community of the U.S. South, 1830-1860]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gurza Lavalle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gerardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. José María Luis Mora  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>51</numero>
<fpage>178</fpage>
<lpage>217</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-44202024000100178&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-44202024000100178&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-44202024000100178&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El racismo era un importante factor de unión para la comunidad blanca en el sur estadounidense, pero nunca alcanzó a eliminar las fricciones derivadas de la desigualdad social. Este artículo aborda las relaciones conflictivas dentro de la comunidad blanca a partir del análisis de varios casos de crimen esclavo. Los casos ponen de relieve la dependencia de la clase propietaria con respecto a los blancos comunes para mantener el control sobre los esclavos. Paradójicamente, pese a esta dependencia, los grandes propietarios tenían una enorme desconfianza con respecto a las funciones de vigilancia y control ejercidas por los blancos comunes, y también sobre su adhesión y fidelidad al régimen esclavista. A la vez dependientes y recelosos de los blancos comunes, los grandes propietarios enfrentaban un dilema que no tenía solución.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Racism was a powerful force uniting the white community in the antebellum South, but it was never able to erase the frictions caused by social inequalities. This article approaches the conflictive relations between slaveholders and nonslaveholders through the analysis of several cases of slave crime. The cases bring into relief that slaveholders were dependent of common whites for the surveillance and control of the slaves. Paradoxically, in spite of that dependence, slaveholders were quick to find fault in the performance of common whites in tasks of surveillance and control, and they were distrustful of their allegiance to the slave regime. Simultaneously dependent and distrustful of common whites, slaveholders faced a difficult dilemma and looked in vain for a solution.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Esclavitud]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Vigilancia y Control]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Patrullas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Pacto Racista]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Democracia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[No-Propietarios]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Slavery]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Surveillance and Control]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Patrols]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Racist Pact]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Democracy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Nonslaveholders]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>The Library of Virginia</collab>
<source><![CDATA[City of Fredericksburg. Records of the Proceedings of the Mayor&#8217;s Court (microfilm)]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>The Library of Virginia</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Fondo: Governors Papers (GPLV), Sección: John Floyd]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>The Library of Virginia</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Fondo: Governors Papers (GPLV), Sección: Thomas W. Gilmer]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>The Library of Virginia</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Fondo: Governors Papers (GPLV), Sección: Littleton Tazewell]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>The Library of Virginia</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the Council of State (microfilm)]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>The Library of Virginia</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Princess Anne County (Va.) Free Negro and Slave Records (microfilm), 1766-1862. Local government records collection, Princess Anne County Court Records]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Virginia Historical Society</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Fondo: Blow Family Papers, Special Collections Research Center]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ashworth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Slavery, Capitalism, and Politics in the Antebellum Republic. Volume 1: Commerce and Compromise, 1820-1850]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ayers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edward L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Willis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Edge of the South: Life in nineteenth-century Virginia]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Charlottesville ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Virginia Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bailyn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bernard]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The ideological origins of the American Revolution]]></source>
<year>1967</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berlin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ira]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Belknap Press of Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bolton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Charles C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Poor Whites of the Antebellum South: Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeastern Mississippi]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Durham ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Duke University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bolton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Charles C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Culclasure]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Scott P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The confessions of Edward Isham: A poor white life in the Old South]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Athens ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Georgia Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Albert G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cluskey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Speeches messages, and other writings of the Hon. A Senator in Congress from the State of Mississippi]]></source>
<year>1859</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Filadelfia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Jas. B. Smith]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Vagabond&#8217;s Tale: Poor Whites, Herrenvolk Democracy, and the value of Whiteness in the Late Antebellum South.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Southern History]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>79</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>799-840</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brundage]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. Fitzhugh]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880-1930]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Illinois Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bynum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Victoria]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Unruly Women: The politics of social and sexual control in the Old South]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chapel Hill ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of North Carolina Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campbell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[James M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Slavery on trial: Race, class, and justice in Antebellum Richmond, Virginia]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Gainesville ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University Press of Florida]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campbell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Randolph B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Planters and the plain folks : The social structure of the antebellum South]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nolen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Evelyn Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Interpreting Southern History: Historiographical Essays in honor of Sanford W. Higginbotham]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<page-range>48-77</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baton Rouge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Louisiana State University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cecil-Fronsman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bill]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Common whites: class and culture in antebellum North Carolina]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lexington ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University Press of Kentucky]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cobb]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas R. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Inquiry into the Law of Negro Slavery in the United States of America]]></source>
<year>1858</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Filadelfia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[T. &amp; J. W. Johnson]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cooper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[William J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Liberty and Slavery: Southern Politics to 1860]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Columbia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of South Carolina Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crofts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Late Antebellum Virginia Reconsidered]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Virginia Magazine of History and Biography]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>107</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>253-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Bow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. D. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The interest in slavery of the southern non-slave-holder]]></source>
<year>1860</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Charleston ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Evans &amp; Cogswell]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dew]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas Roderick]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Review of the debates in the Virginia legislature of 1831 and 1832]]></source>
<year>1970</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Westport, CT ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Negro Universities Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Du Bois]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. E. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Black Reconstruction in America]]></source>
<year>1969</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Atheneum]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Edwards]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laura F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The People and their Peace: Legal Culture and the Transformation of Inequality in the Post-Revolutionary South]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chapel Hill ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of North Carolina Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Finkelman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Thomas R. R. Cobb and the Law of Negro Slavery]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Roger Williams University Law Review]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<page-range>75-115</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fitzhugh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[George]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sociology for the South: or, The failure of Free Society]]></source>
<year>1854</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Richmond ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[A Morris]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ford]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lacy K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Deliver Us From Evil: The Question of Slavery in the Old South]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ford]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lacy K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Origins of Southern Radicalism: The South Carolina Upcountry]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Forret]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeff]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Race Relations at the Margins: Slaves and Poor Whites in the Antebellum Southern Countryside]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baton Rouge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Louisiana State University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fredrickson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[George]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Arrogance of Race: Historical Perspectives on Slavery, Racism, and Social Inequality]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Middletown, CT ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wesleyan University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fredrickson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[George]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-american Character and Destiny, 1817-1914]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harper &amp; Row]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freehling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[William W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Road to Disunion, vol. 1, Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Genovese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eugene D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The World the Slaveholders Made. Two Essays in Interpretation]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Middletown, CT ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wesleyan University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Genovese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eugene D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fox-Genovese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elizabeth]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Fruits of Merchant Capital. Slavery and Bourgeois Property in the Rise and Expansion of Capitalism]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Getman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karen A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sexual Control in the Slaveholding South: The Implementation and Maintenance of a Racial Caste System]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Harvard Women&#8217;s Law Journal]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<page-range>136</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gleeson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Securing the &#8216;Interests&#8217; of the South: John Mitchel, A. G. Magrath, and the Reopening of the Transatlantic Slave Trade]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Nineteenth Century History]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>279-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goodell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[William]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The American Slave Code, in Theory and Practice]]></source>
<year>1853</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[American and Foreign Antislavery Society]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gross]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ariela]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Beyond Black and White: Cultural Approaches to Race and Slavery]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Columbia Law Review]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>101</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>640-89</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gurza Lavalle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gerardo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿Subversión o hegemonía cultural? Clemencia para los esclavos condenados a muerte en Virginia, 1800-1860]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Secuencia]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<numero>79</numero>
<issue>79</issue>
<page-range>12-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hadden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sally E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Slave Patrols: Law and Violence in Virginia and the Carolinas]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hahn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Steven]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Roots of Southern Populism: Yeoman Farmers and the Transformation of the Georgia Upcountry 1850-1890]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[William]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Memoir on Slavery]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilpin Faust]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Drew]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Ideology of Slavery: Proslavery Thought in the Antebellum South]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baton Rouge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Louisiana State University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. William]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Plain Folk and Gentry in a Slave Society: White Liberty and Black Slavery in Augusta&#8217;s Hinterlands]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baton Rouge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Louisiana State University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Helper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hinton Rowan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Impending Crisis of the South: how to Meet It]]></source>
<year>1857</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Burdick Brothers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Henry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The police control of the slave in South Carolina]]></source>
<year>1914</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Negro Universities Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huebner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Timothy S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Roots of Fairness: State v. Caesar and Slave Justice in antebellum North Carolina]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waldrep]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christopher]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nieman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Donald G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Local Matters: Race Crime and Justice in the Nineteenth-Century South]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<page-range>29-44</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Athens ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Georgia Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hundley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cooper Jr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[William J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Social Relations in our Southern States]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baton Rouge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Louisiana State University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[James Hugo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Race Relations in Virginia and Miscegenation in the South 1776-1860]]></source>
<year>1970</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Amherst ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Massachusetts Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lewis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Problem of Slavery in Southern Political Discourse]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Konig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Devising Liberty: Preserving and Creating Freedom in the New American Republic]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<page-range>265-97</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Stanford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Stanford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maris-Wolf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ted]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Family Bonds: Free Blacks and Re-enslavement Law in Antebellum Virginia]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chapel Hill ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of North Carolina Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCurry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stephanie]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Masters of Small Worlds: Yeoman Households, Gender Relations, and the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edmund]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[American Slavery, American Freedom, The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia]]></source>
<year>1975</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[W. W. Norton]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Southern Slavery and the Law]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chapel Hill ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of North Carolina Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oakes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[James]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Slavery and Freedom: an Interpretation of the Old South]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Norton]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perdue Jr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Charles L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Phillips]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Weevils in the Wheat. Interviews with Virginia Ex-Slaves]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Charlottesville ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Virginia Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roediger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Verso]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rothman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joshua D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Notorious in the Neighborhood: Sex and Families across the Color Line in Virginia, 1787-1861]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chapel Hill ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of North Carolina Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[James C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New Haven ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Yale University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shalhope]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Republicanism and Early American Historiography]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[William and Mary Quarterly]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>334-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shepherd]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Samuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Satutes at Large of Virginia, from the October session of 1792, to December Session 1806 Inclusive, in Three Volumes]]></source>
<year>1835</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Richmond ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Samuel Shepherd]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sinha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manisha]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Revolution or Counter Revolution? The Political Ideology of Secession in Antebellum South Carolina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Civil War History]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>205-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sinha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manisha]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Counter-Revolution of Slavery: Politics and Ideology in Antebellum South Carolina]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chapel Hill ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of North Carolina Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sommerville]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diane Miller]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Rape Myth in the Old South Reconsidered]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Southern History]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>61</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>481-518</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sommerville]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diane Miller]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Rape and Race in the Nineteenth-Century South]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chapel Hill ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of North Carolina Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spratt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Foreign Slave Trade: The Source of Political Power, of Material Progress, of Social Integrity, and of Social Emancipation to the South]]></source>
<year>1858</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Charleston ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Walker, Evans &amp; Co]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stampp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kenneth M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Antebellum South]]></source>
<year>1956</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Vintage]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Takaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ronald]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Pro-Slavery Crusade: The Agitation to Reopen the African Slave Trade]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Free Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taylor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[American Colonies: The Settling of North America]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Penguin Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B72">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<source><![CDATA[The Revised Code of the Laws of Virginia: Being a Collection of All Such Acts of the General Assembly, of a Public and Permanent Nature, as Are Now in Force; with a General Index]]></source>
<year>1819</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Richmond ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Thomas Ritchie]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B73">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thornton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. Mills]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Politics and Power in a Slave Society: Alabama 1800-1860]]></source>
<year>1978</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baton Rouge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Louisiana State University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B74">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Upshur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Abel P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Domestic Slavery, as it exists in our southern states, considered with reference to its influence on free government]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Southern Literary Messenger]]></source>
<year>1839</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>677-87</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B75">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van den Berghe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pierre L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Problemas raciales]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B76">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Slavery in the Cities: The South, 1820-1860]]></source>
<year>1964</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B77">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waldrep]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christopher]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nieman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Donald G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Local Matters: Race Crime an Justice in the Nineteenth-Century South]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Athens ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Georgia Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B78">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gordon]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Creation of the American Republic]]></source>
<year>1969</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chapel Hill ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of North Carolina Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
