<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-3521</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Superficies y vacío]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Superf. vacío]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-3521</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Ciencia y Tecnología de Superficies y Materiales A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-35212010000400007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Improving the electrical properties of non-intentionally doped n-GaN by deuteration]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mimila-Arroyo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lusson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laroche]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jomard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tessier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico Nacional Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México D.F.]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Université de Versailles Saint Quintin-en-Yvelines Centre national de la recherche scientifique Groupe d'Etude de la Matière Condensée]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>31</fpage>
<lpage>34</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-35212010000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-35212010000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-35212010000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Here we report on the study of the effects on the charge transport properties of deuterium in-diffusion in non-intentionally doped n-GaN using a two steps process: a low temperature deuterium diffusion and then a thermal anneal at temperatures as high as 800 °C, for driving the deuterium deeper into the material. The obtained results show that deuteration by this two steps process produces a decrease on the electron concentration of at least one order of magnitude and an increase of the same order on electron mobility. Such improvements are attributed, respectively, to the capture of free electrons by free deuterium acceptor and to the deuterium passivation of deep acceptor levels located at the dislocations core, decreasing their dispersive and recombination capability. The observed improvement remains stable at temperatures close to 800 °C. This deep acceptor level passivation should positively impact the performance of electronic devices made with non-intentionally doped n-GaN layers.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Deuteration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Gallium nitride]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Passivation]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Improving the electrical properties of non&#150;intentionally doped n&#150;GaN by deuteration</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>J. Mimila&#150;Arroyo<sup>a)1</sup>, E. Morales<sup>1</sup>, A. Lusson<sup>2</sup>, J. M. Laroche<sup>2</sup>, F. Jomard<sup>2</sup> and M. Tessier<sup>2</sup></b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Centro de Investigaci&oacute;n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit&eacute;cnico Nacional Av. Instituto Polit&eacute;cnico Nacional No 2508, M&eacute;xico D.F., CP 07360, M&eacute;xico. <sup>a)</sup> </i><a href="mailto:jmimila@cinvestav.mx">jmimila@cinvestav.mx</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Groupe d'Etude de la Mati&egrave;re Condens&eacute;e (GEMaC), CNRS Universit&eacute; de Versailles Saint Quintin&#150;en&#150;Yvelines 1 place A. Briand, 92195 Meudon Cedex, France. </i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido: 30 de septiembre de 2010.    <br> Aceptado: 6 de diciembre de 2010.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Here we report on the study of the effects on the charge transport properties of deuterium in&#150;diffusion in non&#150;intentionally doped n&#150;GaN using a two steps process: a low temperature deuterium diffusion and then a thermal anneal at temperatures as high as 800 &deg;C, for driving the deuterium deeper into the material. The obtained results show that deuteration by this two steps process produces a decrease on the electron concentration of at least one order of magnitude and an increase of the same order on electron mobility. Such improvements are attributed, respectively, to the capture of free electrons by free deuterium acceptor and to the deuterium passivation of deep acceptor levels located at the dislocations core, decreasing their dispersive and recombination capability. The observed improvement remains stable at temperatures close to 800 &deg;C. This deep acceptor level passivation should positively impact the performance of electronic devices made with non&#150;intentionally doped <i>n</i>&#150;GaN layers.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords: </b>Deuteration; Gallium nitride; Passivation.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/sv/v23n4/v23n4a7.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a> </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;1&#93;. T. Palacios, Phys. Status Solidi A, <b>206, </b>No 6, 1145 (2009).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758530&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;2&#93;. U. K. Mishra, S. Likun, T.E. Kazior, and Y. F. Wu, Proc. of the IEEE <b>96, </b>No. 2, 287 (2008).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758532&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;3&#93;. K. P. Korona, A. Drabinska, P. Caban, and W. Strupinski, J. Appl. Phys. <b>105, </b>083712 (2009).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758534&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;4&#93;. D. Hofstetter, R. Theron, E. Baumann, F. R. Giorgetta, S. Golka, G. Strasser, F. Guillot and E. Monroy, Electron. Lett. <b>44, </b>986 (2008).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758536&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;5&#93;. D. Hofstetter, E. Baumann, F. R. Giorgetta, F. Guillot, S. Leconte and E. Monroy, Appl. Phys. Lett. <b>91, </b>131115 (2007).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758538&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;6&#93;. M. Ortolani, A. Di Gaspare, E. Giovine, F. Evangelisti, V. Foglietti et.al. Proc. of the 34th International Conf. on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves. IORMMW&#150;THz, (2009).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758540&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;7&#93;. J. S. Speck and S. J. Rosner, Physica B <b>274, </b>24 (1999).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758542&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;8&#93;. J. H. You, J. Q. Lu and H. T. Johnson, J. Appl. Phys. <b>99, </b>033706 (2006).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758544&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;9&#93;. K. Horio and A. Nakajima, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. <b>47, </b>3428 (2007).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758546&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;10&#93;. M. Faqir, G. Verzellesi, A. Chini, F. Fantini, F. Danesin, G. Menghesso, E. Zanoni, and C. Dua, IEEE Trans. on Dev. and Mat. Reliability, <b>8, </b>240 (2008).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758548&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700010&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;11&#93;. S. Arulkumaran, T. Egawa, S. Matsui and H. Ishikawa, Appl. Phys. Lett. <b>86, </b>123503 (2005).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758550&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700011&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;12&#93;. F. A. Marino, N. Faralli, T. Palacios, D. K. Ferry, S. M. Goodnick and M. Saraniti, IEEE Trans. on Electron Dev. <b>57, </b>353 (2010).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758552&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700012&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;13&#93;. Y. S. Lin, Y. W. Lain and H. S. S. Hsu, IEEE Electron Dev. Lett. <b>31, </b>102 (2010).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758554&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700013&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;14&#93;. E. Arslan, S. B&uuml;t&uuml;n, S. B. Lisesivdin, M. Kasap, S. Ozcelik and E. Ozbay, J. Appl. Phys. <b>103, </b>103701 (2006).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758556&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700014&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --> &#91;15&#93;.   N. G. Weimann, L. F. Eastman, D. Doppalapudi, H. M. Ng, and T. D. Moustakas, J. App. Phys. <b>83, </b>3656 (1998).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758557&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700015&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;16&#93;. D. C. Look and J. R. Sizelove, Phys. Rev. Lett. <b>82, </b>1237 (1999).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758559&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700016&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;17&#93;. J. L. Farvacque, Z. Bougrioua, and I. Moerman, J. Phys. Condens. Matter. <b>12, </b>pp.10213 (2000).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758561&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700017&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --> &#91;18&#93;.   M. N. Gurusinghe and T. G. Andersson, Phys. Rev. B. <b>67, </b>235208 (2003).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758562&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700018&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;19&#93;. U. Jahn, O. Brandt, E. Luna, X. Sun, H. Wang, D. S. Jiang, L. F. Bian and H. Yang, Phys. Rev. B, <b>81, </b>125314 (2010).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758564&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700019&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;20&#93;. E. Muller, D. Gerthsen, P. Br&uuml;ckner, E. Scholz, Th. Gruber, and A. Waag, Phys. Rev. B, <b>73, </b>245316 (2006).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758566&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700020&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;21&#93;. J. Chevallier and B. Pajot, Solid State Phenomena <b>85&#150;86, </b>203 (2002), Editor S. Pizzini, Publisher Trans. Tech. LTD (Switzerland)</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758568&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700021&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;22&#93;. J. Neugebauer and C. G. Van de Walle, Phys. Rev. Lett. <b>75, </b>4452 (1995).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758569&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700022&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;23&#93;. J. Mimila&#150;Arroyo, M. Barb&eacute;, F. Jomard, J. Chevallier and M. A. di Forte&#150;Poisson, Appl. Phys. Lett. <b>90 </b>072107 (2007).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758571&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700023&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;24&#93;. A. Hierro, A. R. Arehart, B. Heying, M. Hansen, U. K. Mishra, S. P. Den Baars, J. S. Speck and S. A. Ringel, Appl. Phys. Lett. <b>80, </b>805 (2002).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758573&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700024&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;25&#93;. Hierro, S. A. Ringel, M. Hansen, A. J. S. Speck, U. K. Mishra, and S. P. DenBaars, Appl. Phys. Lett. <b>77, </b>1499 (2000).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758575&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700025&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;26&#93;. J. Kamiura, Y. Yamashita and S. Nakamura, Jpn. J. of Appl. Phys. <b>37, </b>L970 (1998).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=9758577&pid=S1665-3521201000040000700026&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>      ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palacios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Phys. Status Solidi A]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>206</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1145</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mishra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Likun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kazior]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Proc. of the IEEE]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>96</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>287</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Korona]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Drabinska]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caban]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Strupinski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J. Appl. Phys.]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>105</volume>
<page-range>083712</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hofstetter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Theron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baumann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giorgetta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Golka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Strasser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guillot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monroy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Electron. Lett.]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<page-range>986</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hofstetter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baumann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giorgetta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guillot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leconte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monroy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Appl. Phys. Lett.]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>91</volume>
<page-range>131115</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortolani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Di Gaspare]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giovine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Evangelisti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Foglietti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Proc. of the 34th International Conf. on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IORMMW-THz]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Speck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Physica B]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>274</volume>
<page-range>24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[You]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. Q.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J. Appl. Phys.]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>99</volume>
<page-range>033706</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nakajima]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<page-range>3428</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Faqir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verzellesi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fantini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Danesin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Menghesso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zanoni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dua]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Trans. on Dev. and Mat. Reliability]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>240</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arulkumaran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Egawa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matsui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ishikawa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Appl. Phys. Lett.]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>86</volume>
<page-range>123503</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Faralli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palacios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goodnick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saraniti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Trans. on Electron Dev.]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<page-range>353</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hsu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. S. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Electron Dev. Lett.]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>102</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arslan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bütün]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lisesivdin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kasap]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ozcelik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ozbay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J. Appl. Phys.]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>103</volume>
<page-range>103701</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weimann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eastman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doppalapudi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moustakas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J. App. Phys.]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>83</volume>
<page-range>3656</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Look]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sizelove]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Phys. Rev. Lett.]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>82</volume>
<page-range>1237</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farvacque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bougrioua]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moerman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J. Phys. Condens. Matter.]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>10213</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gurusinghe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andersson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Phys. Rev. B.]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>67</volume>
<page-range>235208</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jahn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brandt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Phys. Rev. B]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>81</volume>
<page-range>125314</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gerthsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brückner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scholz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gruber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Th.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waag]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Phys. Rev. B]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>73</volume>
<page-range>245316</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chevallier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pajot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pizzini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Solid State Phenomena]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>85-86</volume>
<page-range>203</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Publisher Trans. Tech. LTD]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neugebauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van de Walle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Phys. Rev. Lett.]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>75</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mimila-Arroyo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barbé]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jomard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chevallier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[di Forte-Poisson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Appl. Phys. Lett.]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>90</volume>
<page-range>072107</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hierro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arehart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heying]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hansen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mishra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Den Baars]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Speck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ringel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Appl. Phys. Lett.]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>80</volume>
<page-range>805</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hierro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ringel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hansen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Speck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mishra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DenBaars]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Appl. Phys. Lett.]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>77</volume>
<page-range>1499</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kamiura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yamashita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nakamura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Jpn. J. of Appl. Phys.]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>L970</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
