Extracción de lípidos de Tetraselmis suecica: proceso asistido por ultrasonido y solventes
Tetraselmis suecica lipid extraction: ultrasonic and solvent aided process
S. Soto-León1, I. E. Zazueta-Patrón2, P. Piña-Valdez2, M. Nieves-Soto2, C. Reyes-Moreno1 e I. Contreras-Andrade1*
1 Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Blvd. Américas y Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiaccin, Sinaloa, C.P. 80010 * Autor para la correspondencia. E-mail: ica@uas.edu.mx.
2 Facultad de Ciencias del Mar Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Paseo Claussen s/n, Mazatlán, Sinaloa.
]]>Recibido 23 de Noviembre de 2013;
Aceptado 12 de Marzo de 2014.
Resumen
Se cultivó Tetraselmis suecica para estudiar la cinética de crecimiento en medios limitados por nitrógeno, lo cual permitió establecer los parámetros básicos de cinética microbiológica de los cultivos para la producción lipídica y biomasa residual. En este trabajo se propone una modificación al método tradicional de extracción de aceite por medio del uso de ultrasonido y solventes; este método incluye la metodología de la separación de clorofila de la fase oleosa. Se evaluaron los perfiles de ácidos grasos por medio de cromatografía de gases-masa (MS-CG) a partir del perfil de los metil ésteres de ácidos grasos (FAME) obtenidos por sonotranse sterificación, la composición de ácidos grasos observada fue: palmítico, 28.86; esteárico, 28.33; oleico, 16.79; linoleico, 11.71 y linolénico, 14.31%; composición que no se modificó por el efecto del estrés por nitrógeno. Finalmente, se utilizó la metodología de superficie de respuesta (RSM) para encontrar las mejores condiciones del proceso de extracción en función de la cantidad de solvente utilizado (X1), tiempo de sonicación (X2) y potencia acústica (X3), utilizando sonicación con pulsos y sin pulsos. Las mejores condiciones para el proceso fueron: X1=5 mL g-1, X2=6 h y X3=160 W, y un proceso sin pulsos; dichas condiciones aseguran una eficiencia de extracción de 94.98%.
Palabras clave: microalgas, biodiesel, ultrasonido, Tetraselmis suecica, perfil lipídico.
Abstract
The growth kinetics of Tetraselmis suecica cultured in nitrogen-limited media was evaluated; this allowed establishing the microbiological basic kinetic parameters of cultures to lipid and residual biomass production. This paper proposes a methodology to modify the traditional oil solvent-extraction by using high efficient ultrasound; this method includes separation process of chlorophyll from oil phase. Mass spectroscopy coupled to gas chromatography (MS-GC) was used to determine the fatty acid profile (FAP) from the final composition of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) obtained from oil sonotranse sterification. FAP was not altered by the effect of nitrogen stress, and it was observed that oil composition of Tetraselmis suecica was: palmitic acid, 28.86; stearic acid, 28.33; oleic acid, 16.79; linoleic acid, 11.71, and linolenic acid, 14.31 wt.%. Finally, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to find the best operational conditions of the extraction process in terms of the quantity of solvent used (X1), sonication time (X2) and ultrasonic power (X3), with pulses and without pulses of sonication. The best extraction process conditions with continuous sonication occurred at X1=5 mL g-1, X2=6 h and X3=160 W, ensuring an extraction efficiency of 94.98%.
]]> Keywords: microalgae, biodiesel, ultrasonic, Tetraselmis suecica.
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Agradecimientos
El primer autor agradece el apoyo al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) por la beca otorgada para cursar el doctorado en biotecnología dentro del Programa Regional de Biotecnología de la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS). También se agradece el apoyo económico a la UAS mediante el proyecto PROFAPI 084/2012 y al Programa para el Mejoramiento del Profesorado (PROMEP) por el proyecto -F-PROMEP-38/Rev-03 SEP-23-005.
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