<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-2738</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de ingeniería química]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Mex. Ing. Quím]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-2738</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-27382013000100011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Evaluación de técnicas de entrenamiento de redes neuronales para estudios geotermométricos de sistemas geotérmicos]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Evaluation of training techniques of artificial neural networks for geothermometric studies of geothermal systems]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hidalgo-Dávila]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santoyo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hermosillo-Valadez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Estado de Morelos Facultad de Ciencias Departamento de Computación]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cuernavaca Mor.]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos Facultad de Ciencias Programa de Licenciatura en Ciencias]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cuernavaca Mor.]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Centro de Investigación en Energía Departamento de Sistemas Energéticos]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Temixco ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>105</fpage>
<lpage>120</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-27382013000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-27382013000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-27382013000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[En este trabajo se reportan los resultados de un análisis multivariado usando redes neuronales artificiales para determinar la contribución relativa de la composición catiónica de fluidos (Na, K, Mg, Ca y Li) en la estimación de la temperatura de fondo de pozos geotérmicos. En este estudio se utilizó una base de datos de composición de 219 muestras de fluidos geotérmicos y mediciones de temperatura de fondo medidas en pozos productores de diversas partes del mundo. Se evaluaron las arquitecturas neuronales usando diferentes técnicas numéricas de entrenamiento, funciones de activación logísticas y lineales, diferentes combinaciones de las entradas, 20 neuronas como máximo en la capa oculta y la temperatura como salida. Los resultados obtenidos de este estudio mostraron que la relación log(Na/K) presentó la más alta contribución relativa (69% al 75%), mientras que las variables log(Mg/Na²) y log(Ca/Na²) mostraron una menor contribución (3-13% y 12-22%, respectivamente). Las variables log(Na/Li), log(Li/&#8730;Mg) y Li obtuvieron un 3%. Detalles de la metodología y los resultados de validación son reportados en este trabajo.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[A multivariate analysis using artificial neural networks for determining the relative contribution of the cationic composition of fluids (Na, K, Mg, Ca and Li) for the estimation of downhole temperature of geothermat wells is here reported. Neural architectures were evaluated using different numerical techniques of training, activation function logistic and linear, several combinations of inputs, at most 20 neurons in the hidden layer and the measured temperatures as the targets. The obtained results in this paper shows that the relation log(Na/k) obtained the highest relative contribution (69% al 75%), whereas other variables such as, log (Mg/Na²) and log (Ca/Na²), showed a less contribution (3-13% and 12-22 %, respectively). log(Na/Li), log (Li/&#8730;Mg) and Li obtained 3% variables had a relative contribution = 3%. The details of the methodology and the validation results are reported in this paper.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[geotermómetros]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[energía geotérmica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Levenberg-Marquardt]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[inteligencia artificial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[equilibrio químico y termodinámico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[geothermometers]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[geothermal energy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Levemberg-Marquard]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[artificial intelligence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[chemical and thermodynamic equilibrium]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Ingenier&iacute;a en energ&iacute;a</font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>      <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Evaluaci&oacute;n de t&eacute;cnicas de entrenamiento de redes neuronales para estudios geotermom&eacute;tricos de sistemas geot&eacute;rmicos</b></font></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="3"><b>Evaluation of training techniques of artificial neural networks for geothermometric studies of geothermal systems</b></font></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>L. D&iacute;az&#45;Gonz&aacute;lez<sup>1</sup>*, C.A. Hidalgo&#45;D&aacute;vila<sup>2</sup>, E. Santoyo<sup>3</sup> y J. Hermosillo&#45;Valadez<sup>1</sup></b></font></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>1</sup> Departamento de Computaci&oacute;n, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Aut&oacute;noma de Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Mor., 62209, M&eacute;xico. </i></font><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>*Autora para la correspondencia. E&#45;mail:</i> <a href="mailto:ldg@uaem.mx">ldg@uaem.mx</a> <i>Tel. (01&#45;777) 3297000 ext. 3682</i></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>2 </sup>Programa de Licenciatura en Ciencias (&Aacute;rea Computaci&oacute;n), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Aut&oacute;noma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Mor., 62209, M&eacute;xico.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>3 </sup>Departamento de Sistemas Energ&eacute;ticos, Centro de Investigaci&oacute;n en Energ&iacute;a, Universidad Nacional Aut&oacute;noma de M&eacute;xico, Priv. Xochicalco s/n, Col. Centro, Apdo. 34, Temixco 62580, M&eacute;xico.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido 2 de Diciembre de 2011    <br> </font><font face="verdana" size="2">Aceptado 12 de Diciembre de 2012</font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En este trabajo se reportan los resultados de un an&aacute;lisis multivariado usando redes neuronales artificiales para determinar la contribuci&oacute;n relativa de la composici&oacute;n cati&oacute;nica de fluidos (Na, K, Mg, Ca y Li) en la estimaci&oacute;n de la temperatura de fondo de pozos geot&eacute;rmicos. En este estudio se utiliz&oacute; una base de datos de composici&oacute;n de 219 muestras de fluidos geot&eacute;rmicos y mediciones de temperatura de fondo medidas en pozos productores de diversas partes del mundo. Se evaluaron las arquitecturas neuronales usando diferentes t&eacute;cnicas num&eacute;ricas de entrenamiento, funciones de activaci&oacute;n log&iacute;sticas y lineales, diferentes combinaciones de las entradas, 20 neuronas como m&aacute;ximo en la capa oculta y la temperatura como salida. Los resultados obtenidos de este estudio mostraron que la relaci&oacute;n log(Na/K) present&oacute; la m&aacute;s alta contribuci&oacute;n relativa (69&#37; al 75&#37;), mientras que las variables log(Mg/Na<sup>2</sup>) y log(Ca/Na<sup>2</sup>) mostraron una menor contribuci&oacute;n (3&#45;13&#37; y 12&#45;22&#37;, respectivamente). Las variables log(Na/Li), log(Li/&#8730;<i>Mg</i>) y Li obtuvieron un 3&#37;. Detalles de la metodolog&iacute;a y los resultados de validaci&oacute;n son reportados en este trabajo.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave:</b> geoterm&oacute;metros, energ&iacute;a geot&eacute;rmica, Levenberg&#45;Marquardt, inteligencia artificial, equilibrio qu&iacute;mico y termodin&aacute;mico.</font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">A multivariate analysis using artificial neural networks for determining the relative contribution of the cationic composition of fluids (Na, K, Mg, Ca and Li) for the estimation of downhole temperature of geothermat wells is here reported. Neural architectures were evaluated using different numerical techniques of training, activation function logistic and linear, several combinations of inputs, at most 20 neurons in the hidden layer and the measured temperatures as the targets. The obtained results in this paper shows that the relation log(Na/k) obtained the highest relative contribution (69&#37; al 75&#37;), whereas other variables such as, log (Mg/Na<sup>2</sup>) and log (Ca/Na<sup>2</sup>), showed a less contribution (3&#45;13&#37; and 12&#45;22 &#37;, respectively). log(Na/Li), log (Li/&#8730;<i>Mg</i>) and Li obtained 3&#37; variables had a relative contribution = 3&#37;. The details of the methodology and the validation results are reported in this paper.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords:</b> geothermometers, geothermal energy, Levemberg&#45;Marquard, artificial intelligence, chemical and thermodynamic equilibrium.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p> 	    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="verdana"><a href="/pdf/rmiq/v12n1/v12n1a11.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p> 	    <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Agradecimientos</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El primer autor agradece al proyecto PROMEP <i>Estad&iacute;stica Computacional para</i> el <i>tratamiento de datos experimentales</i> (PROMEP/103&#45;5/10/7332). El segundo autor agradece a dicho proyecto PROMEP la beca para realizar su tesis de licenciatura. El tercer autor agradece tambi&eacute;n el apoyo del proyecto DGAPA&#45;PAPIIT IN 116511. Asimismo, se agradecen los valiosos comentarios sugeridos por el Dr. Gilberto Espinosa&#45;Paredes y por los 4 &aacute;rbitros an&oacute;nimos, que amablemente contribuyeron a mejorar el presente trabajo.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Referencias</b></font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&Aacute;lvarez del Castillo A., Santoyo E., Garc&iacute;a&#45;Valladares O., S&aacute;nchez&#45;Upton P. (2010). Evaluaci&oacute;n estad&iacute;stica de correlaciones de fracci&oacute;n volum&eacute;trica de vapor para la modelaci&oacute;n num&eacute;rica de flujo bif&aacute;sico en pozos geot&eacute;rmicos. <i>Revista Mexicana de Ingenier&iacute;a Q&iacute;mica</i> 9, 285&#45;311.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8563898&pid=S1665-2738201300010001100001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Aitchison, J. (1986). <i>The Statiscal Analysis of Compositional Data.</i> London, Chapman and Hall.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8563900&pid=S1665-2738201300010001100002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Arn&oacute;rsson, S. (1983). Chemical equilibria in Icelandic geothermal systems&#45;Implications for chemical geothermometry investigations. <i>Geothermics 12,</i> 119&#45;128.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8563902&pid=S1665-2738201300010001100003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Arn&oacute;rsson, S. (Ed.). (2000). Isotopic and Chemical Techniques in Geothermal Exploration, Development and Use: Sampling Methods Data Handling, Interpretation. <i>International Atomic Energy Agency 351,</i> Vienna, Austria, 351.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8563904&pid=S1665-2738201300010001100004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Bassam, A., Santoyo, E., Andaverde, J., Hern&aacute;ndez, J .A. y Espinoza&#45;Ojeda, O.M. (2010) Estimation of static formation temperatures in geothermal wells by using an artificial neural network approach. <i>Computers &amp; Geosciences 36,</i> 1191&#45;1199.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8563906&pid=S1665-2738201300010001100005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    ]]></body>
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