<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-2037</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Política y gobierno]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Polít. gob]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-2037</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas A.C., División de Estudios Políticos]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-20372018000200403</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Siete cuestiones en torno de la teoría de las caídas presidenciales]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Seven Issues about the Theory of Presidential Breakdowns]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrafero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Buenos Aires Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Conicet) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>403</fpage>
<lpage>440</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-20372018000200403&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-20372018000200403&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-20372018000200403&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En el pasado los presidentes democráticos caían por golpes militares. Desde la vuelta de la democracia en América Latina se produjeron numerosas interrupciones presidenciales, pero utilizando mecanismos constitucionales. Cayeron gobiernos, pero el régimen democrático se mantuvo. A lo largo de estas tres últimas décadas las experiencias de caídas presidenciales dieron lugar al desarrollo de una teoría sobre las interrupciones presidenciales, que intenta explicar el fenómeno de la nueva inestabilidad presidencial en América Latina. Este trabajo aporta siete cuestiones con el fin de agregar perspectivas al debate teórico sobre las interrupciones presidenciales. Estas cuestiones son: 1) su vinculación con la teoría de la sucesión constitucional, 2) el supuesto incumplimiento del plazo fijo y la independencia de poderes, 3) la reconsideración acerca de la supuesta nueva flexibilidad del sistema presidencial, 4) la distinción entre el momento y las reglas de la caída presidencial, y el momento y las reglas del reemplazo del presidente, 5) la situación de &#8220;lagunas de reglas&#8221;, tanto en relación con la interrupción presidencial, como respecto del reemplazo del mandatario, 6) la supuesta línea fina entre el golpe parlamentario y el juicio político, 7) las expectativas y los ciclos de fortaleza y debilidad presidencial que muestran una determinada vulnerabilidad estructural del sistema. Estas cuestiones agregan al debate nuevos enfoques para estudiar el fenómeno de las interrupciones presidenciales.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract In the past democratic presidents were removed by military coups. Since the return of democracy in Latin America there were numerous presidential interruptions, but these took place via constitutional mechanisms. Governments fell, but the democratic regime remained. Over the last three decades, the experiences of presidential dropouts have led to the development of a theory about presidential interruptions, which attempts to explain the phenomenon of new presidential instability in Latin America. This paper touches on seven distinct issues, in order to add insights to the theoretical debate on presidential interruptions. These issues are: 1) presidential interruption&#8217;s connection with the theory of constitutional succession; 2) the alleged breach of the fixed term and independence of powers; 3) the reconsideration of the alleged new flexibility of the presidential system; 4) timing and rules of the presidential fall and the timing and rules of the president&#8217;s replacement; 5) the situation of &#8220;ruling gaps&#8221;, both in relation to the presidential interruption, and the president&#8217;s replacement; 6) the so-called &#8220;thin line&#8221; between the parliamentary coup and impeachment; 7) expectations and cycles of presidential strength and weakness that show a certain structural vulnerability of the system. These issues add to the debate by introducing new approaches to studying the phenomenon of presidential interruptions.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[interrupciones presidenciales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[presidencialismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[juicio político]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[inestabilidad política]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[América Latina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[presidential interruptions]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[presidentialism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[impeachment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[political instability]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Latin America]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abbott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Philip]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Accidental Presidents: Death, Assassination, Resignation, and Democratic Succession]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Presidential Studies Quarterly]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>627-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marsteintredet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leiv]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Presidential and Democratic Breakdowns in Latin America: Similar Causes, Different Outcomes]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llanos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariana]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marsteintredet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leiv]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Presidential Breakdowns in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aversa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cecilia I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pugna de poderes y salidas anticipadas: Explicando la modalidad de resolución de las crisis presidenciales]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[América Latina Hoy]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<page-range>99-124</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Balbuena Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David-Eleuterio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El juicio político en la Constitución paraguaya y la destitución del Presidente Fernando Lugo]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Derecho Político]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<numero>87</numero>
<issue>87</issue>
<page-range>355-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bidegain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos María]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cuadernos del Curso de Derecho Constitucional]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Abeledo-Perrot]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buitrago]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Civil Society, Social Protest, and Presidential Breakdowns in Bolivia]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llanos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariana]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marsteintredet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leiv]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Presidential Breakdowns in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>91-107</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Presidencialismo versus parlamentarismo]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[POSTData]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>121-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheibub Figueiredo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Argelina]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Collor Impeachment and Presidential Government in Brazil]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llanos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariana]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marsteintredet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leiv]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Presidential Breakdowns in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>111-27</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Brito Machado Segundo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hugo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Aspectos de direito financeiro subjacentes ao processo de impeachment no Brasil]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Seminario Justicia Federal]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hochstetler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kathryn]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Repensando el presidencialismo: Desafíos y caídas presidenciales en el cono sur]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[América Latina Hoy]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<page-range>51-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hochstetler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kathryn]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Samuels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Crisis and Rapid Reequilibration. The Consequences of Presidential Challenge and Failure in Latin America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Politics]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>127-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Young Hun]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bahry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Donna]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Interrupted Presidencies in Third Wave Democracies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Politics]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>70</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>807-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lalander]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rickard]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Impeachment of Carlos Andrés Pérez and the Collapse of Venezuelan Partyarchy]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llanos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariana]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marsteintredet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leiv]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Presidential Breakdowns in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>129-45</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lijphart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arend]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Democratización y modelos alternativos de democracia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Opciones]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<numero>14</numero>
<issue>14</issue>
<page-range>29-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lijphart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arend]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Presidenzialismo e democrazia maggioritaria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rivista Italiana Di Scienza Politica]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>XIX</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>367-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La quiebra de las democracias]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alianza Editorial]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Democracia presidencialista o parlamentarista: ¿Hay alguna diferencia?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Presidencialismo vs. Parlamentarismo: Materiales para el estudio de la Reforma Constitucional en la Argentina]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<page-range>19-43</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Eudeba]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Perils of Presidentialism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>51-69</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does It Make a Difference?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valenzuela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arturo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Failure of Presidential Democracy]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<page-range>3-87</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baltimore ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Johns Hopkins University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llanos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariana]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Presidential Breakdown in Argentina]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llanos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariana]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marsteintredet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leiv]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Presidential Breakdowns in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llanos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariana]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marsteintredet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leiv]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ruptura y continuidad: La caída de &#8216;Mel&#8217; Zelaya, en perspectiva comparada]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[América Latina Hoy]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<page-range>173-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llanos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariana]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nolte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Detlef]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Many Faces of Latin American Presidentialism]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Hamburgo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[GIGA Institute of Latin American Studies]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mainwaring]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Scott]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soberg Shugart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Matthew]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Presidentialism and Democracy in Latina America]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rafael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La elección presidencial mediante doble vuelta en Latinoamérica]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Institut de Ciencies Politiques Sociais]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marsteintredet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leiv]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las consecuencias sobre el régimen de las interrupciones presidenciales en América Latina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[América Latina Hoy]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<page-range>31-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marsteintredet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leiv]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Explaining Variation of Executive Instability in Presidential Regimes: Presidential Interruptions in Latin America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Political Science Review]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>173-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marsteintredet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leiv]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berntzen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Einar]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reducing the Perils of Presidentialism in Latin America through Presidential Interruptions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Politics]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>83-101</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marsteintredet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leiv]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llanos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariana]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nolte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Detlef]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Paraguay and the Politics of Impeachment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>110-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mejía Acosta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Polga-Hecimovich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Soluciones parlamentarias a las crisis presidenciales de Ecuador]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Latinoamericana de Política Comparada]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>49-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mejía Acosta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Polga-Hecimovich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Coalition Erosion and Presidential Instability in Ecuador]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Politics and Society]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>87-111</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mustapic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana María]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[América Latina: Las renuncias presidenciales y el papel del Congreso]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Política]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<numero>47</numero>
<issue>47</issue>
<page-range>55-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Negretto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Minority Presidents and Types of Government in Latin America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Politics and Society]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>63-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neustadt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El poder presidencial y los presidentes modernos]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Grupo Editor Latinoamericano]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nolte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Detlef]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Los Congresos en América Latina: Legislaturas reactivas, potencialmente activas]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cámara de Diputados]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nolte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Detlef]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Paraguay: The President in his General&#8217;s Labyrinth]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llanos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariana]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marsteintredet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leiv]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Presidential Breakdowns in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>147-61</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Donnell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guillermo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿La democracia delegativa?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cuadernos del claeh]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>5-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Donnell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guillermo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ilusiones sobre la consolidación]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nueva Sociedad]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<numero>144</numero>
<issue>144</issue>
<page-range>70-89</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Donnell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guillermo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Revisando la democracia delegativa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Casa del Tiempo]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<numero>31</numero>
<issue>31</issue>
<page-range>2-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Donnell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guillermo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nuevas reflexiones acerca de la democracia delegativa (dd)]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Donnell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guillermo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Democracia Delegativa]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Prometeo]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez Liñán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aníbal]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Presidential Impeachment and the New Political Instability in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez Liñán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aníbal]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La reversión del resultado en la doble vuelta electoral: Una evaluación institucional del balotaje]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Miríada: Investigación en Ciencias Sociales]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>9-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Liñán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aníbal]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Two-Level Theory of Presidential Instability]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Politics and Society]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>34-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Liñán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aníbal]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Brasil: Es preciso repensar el juicio político]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clarín]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Liñán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aníbal]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Polga-Hecimovich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Political Elites, Democratic Breakdown and Presidential Instability in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ XXIIInternational Political Science Association (ipsa) Conference]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>8-12 de julio</conf-date>
<conf-loc>Madrid </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Polga Hecimovich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Un análisis de las caídas presidenciales en Ecuador (1997­2005)]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Quito ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rouquié]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alain]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Extremo Occidente. Introducción a América Latina]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Emecé]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrafero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Presidencialismo y reforma política en América Latina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista del Centro de Estudios Constitucionales]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>195-235</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrafero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El Impeachment en América Latina: Argentina, Brasil y Venezuela]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Estudios Políticos]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>92</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>137-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrafero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Juicio político y derrumbe institucional en la Argentina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y El Caribe (EIAL)]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>41-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrafero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Reelección y sucesión presidencial; poder y continuidad: Argentina, América Latina y Estados Unidos]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Belgrano]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrafero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El poder y su sombra: Los vicepresidentes]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Belgrano]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrafero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Argentina: Rebelión en el granero del mundo]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Occidente]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>19-51</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrafero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Presidencia y vicepresidencia: Otra difícil combinación]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malamud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel De]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La política en tiempos de los Kirchner]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<page-range>23-35</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Eudeba]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrafero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El área de estudios presidenciales]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<page-range>5-42</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Academia Nacional de Ciencias Morales y Políticas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrafero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Flexibilización del presidencialismo en América Latina: ¿Un fenómeno nuevo?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Estudios Políticos]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>163</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>67-99</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valenzuela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arturo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Latin American Presidencies Interrupted]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>5-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waterman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jenkins-Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hank C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Expectations Gap Thesis: Public Attitudes toward an Incumbent President]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Politics]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>61</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>944-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
