<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-1456</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Biotecnia]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Biotecnia]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-1456</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Sonora, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-14562025000100112</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18633/biotecnia.v27.2421</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Activity of starch biosynthetic enzymes and their association with endosperm modification in quality protein maize]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Actividad de enzimas de biosíntesis de almidón y su asociación con la modificación del endospermo en maíz de calidad proteínica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Núñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grimaldi-Olivas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jesús C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pineda-Hidalgo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karen V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Héctor S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Báez-Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agama-Acevedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edith]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salazar-Salas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nancy Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lopez-Valenzuela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Culiacán Sinaloa]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico Nacional Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Yautepec Morelos]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>27</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-14562025000100112&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-14562025000100112&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-14562025000100112&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The formation of vitreous endosperm in quality protein maize (QPM) is associated with changes in the composition and structure of starch granules, but little is known about the role of alterations in the structure and activity of the main starch biosynthetic enzymes. Developing endosperms from K0326Y-QPM, W64Ao2, and derived recombinant inbred lines were used to analyze the activity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), starch-branching enzyme (SBE) and pullulanase (PULL). GBSS activity correlated positively with kernel vitreousness and the opposite was observed for SBE. SBEIIb enzymes from K0326Y-QPM and W64Ao2 differed in five amino acids. Three amino acid changes appear to affect the SBEIIb catalytic site, which may be responsible for the lower activity and amylopectin content in vitreous lines. However, recombinant SBEIIb enzymes produced in Escherichia coli showed similar activities. The results suggest that endosperm modification in QPM is associated with changes in the activity of starch biosynthetic enzymes, which affect the starch composition, physicochemical and structural properties during endosperm development. The higher GBSS activity and the lower SBE activity produce starch granules with more amylose and amorphous regions, favoring the compaction between these structures, contributing to the vitreous phenotype in QPM.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La formación del endospermo vítreo en maíz de calidad proteínica (QPM) está asociado con cambios en la composición y estructura de gránulos de almidón, pero se conoce poco acerca del papel de alteraciones en la estructura y actividad de las principales enzimas biosintéticas. Endospermos en desarrollo de K0326Y-QPM, W64Ao2 y líneas recombinantes puras derivadas se utilizaron para analizar la actividad de ADP-glucosa pirofosforilasa (AGPasa), almidón sintasa unida al gránulo (GBSS), enzima ramificadora de almidón (SBE) y pululanasa (PULL). La actividad de GBSS correlacionó positivamente con la vitrosidad del grano y lo opuesto se observó para SBE. Enzimas SBEIIb de K0326Y-QPM y W64Ao2 difirieron en cinco aminoácidos. Tres cambios de aminoácidos parecen afectar el sitio catalítico de SBEIIb, lo cual podría ser responsable de la menor actividad y contenido de amilopectina en líneas vítreas. Sin embargo, enzimas SBEIIb recombinantes producidas en Escherichia coli mostraron actividades similares. Los resultados sugieren que la modificación del endospermo en QPM está asociada con cambios en la actividad de enzimas de síntesis de almidón, lo cual afecta la composición, propiedades fisicoquímicas y estructurales del almidón durante el desarrollo del endospermo. La mayor actividad de GBSS y menor actividad de SBE produce gránulos de almidón con más amilosa y regiones amorfas, favoreciendo una mayor compactación entre estas estructuras, contribuyendo al fenotipo vítreo en QPM.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[quality protein maize]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[vitreous endosperm]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[starch biosynthesis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[maíz de calidad proteínica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[endospermo vítreo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[biosíntesis de almidón]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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