<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-1456</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Biotecnia]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Biotecnia]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-1456</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Sonora, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-14562023000300122</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18633/biotecnia.v25i3.2122</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Controlled preparation and chemical actuation of polyacrylonitrile microfibers]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Preparación controlada y actuación química de microfibras de poliacrilonitrilo]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguila-López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Josefina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Rivera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marisel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pescador-Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Alfredo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores-Gonzalez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maribel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz-Reyes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico Nacional Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México D. F ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tlaxcala Tlaxcala]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Escuela Superior de Apan ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Apan Hidalgo]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico Nacional Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Tlaxcala]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>189</fpage>
<lpage>196</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-14562023000300122&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-14562023000300122&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-14562023000300122&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Pure polyacrylonitrile fibers with diameter size at micrometric scale were obtained and collected radially using an immersion-jet wet spinning system. High purity polyacrylonitrile powder was used as precursor polymer. This method is a fast and easy approach to fabricate micrometric PAN fibers. Fiber diameter can be easily controlled by adjusting the size of the spinneret. Uniform, smooth and continuous PAN microfibers were suitable modified by thermal stabilization and alkaline hydrolysis to obtain pH-sensitive fibers. The effect of diameter size fiber on the chemical actuation behavior was investigated in terms of length change characteristics under the influence of pH solutions. The microfibers showed expanding/contracting behavior and force generation stimulated by changes in pH from 1-14. By means of scanning electron microscopy, the formation of PAN fibers with diameters on the micrometer scale of 91-287 µm could be corroborated. FT-IR spectroscopy revealed that the nitrile (C&#8801;N) groups of PAN were converted to carboxylic groups (COOH), which are necessary to provide the deformation of the PAN gel microfibers.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Se obtuvieron fibras puras de poliacrilonitrilo con un diámetro a escala micrométrica y se colectaron radialmente mediante un sistema de hilatura húmeda por inmersión. Como polímero precursor se utilizó polvo de poliacrilonitrilo de alta pureza. Este método es rápido y sencillo para fabricar fibras de PAN micrométricas. El diámetro de la fibra puede controlarse fácilmente ajustando el tamaño de la hilera. Las microfibras de PAN uniformes, lisas y continuas se modificaron adecuadamente mediante estabilización térmica e hidrólisis alcalina para obtener fibras sensibles al pH. Se investigó el efecto del tamaño del diámetro de la fibra en el comportamiento de actuación química en términos de características de cambio de longitud bajo la influencia del pH de las soluciones. Las microfibras mostraron un comportamiento de expansión/contracción y generación de fuerza estimulado por cambios en el pH de 1-14. Mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido se pudo corroborar la formación de fibras PAN con diámetros en escala micrométrica de 91-287 µm. La espectroscopia FT-IR reveló que los grupos nitrilo (C&#8801;N) del PAN se convirtieron en grupos carboxílicos (COOH), los cuales son necesarios para proporcionar la deformación de las microfibras gelificadas de PAN.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Microfabrication]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Microfiber]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Polyacrylonitrile]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Chemical Actuation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Microfabricación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Microfibra]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Poliacrilonitrilo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Actuación química]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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