<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-1146</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Boletín médico del Hospital Infantil de México]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Bol. Med. Hosp. Infant. Mex.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-1146</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Salud, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-11462016000400228</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bmhimx.2016.05.006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Risk factors evaluation for urolithiasis among children]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Evaluación de factores de riesgo para urolitiasis en niños]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velásquez-Forero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esparza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariela]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Medeiros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mara]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toussaint]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Georgina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez Laboratorio de Metabolismo Mineral Óseo ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Mexico City]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez Laboratorio de Metabolismo Mineral Óseo ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Mexico City]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez Laboratorio de Nefrología y Metabolismo Mineral Óseo ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Mexico City]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution><![CDATA[,Georgetown University Hospital  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Washington DC]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>73</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>228</fpage>
<lpage>236</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-11462016000400228&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-11462016000400228&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-11462016000400228&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract:  Background: The prevalence of pediatric urolithiasis varies from 0.01-0.03%. Urolithiasis may be caused by anatomical, metabolic and environmental factors. Recurrence varies between 16 to 67%, and it is frequently associated with metabolic abnormalities. The objective of the present work was the identification of risk factors that promote urolithiasis in a child population.  Methods: This study included 162 children with urolithiasis and normal renal function (mean age 7.5 years). Risk factors were investigated in two stages. In the first stage, 24-hour urine, and blood samples were analyzed to assess metabolic parameters and urinary tract infection. During the second stage, the effect of calcium restriction and a calcium load on renal Ca excretion were evaluated. Data were statistically analyzed.  Results: Urolithiasis was observed in 0.02% of children, 50% of them with family history of urinary stones. There were multiple risk factors for urolithiasis including hypocitraturia (70%), hypomagnesuria (42%), hypercalciuria (37%; in 11/102 was by intestinal hyperabsorption, in 13/102 was unclassified. Ca resorption or renal Ca leak were not detected). We also detected alkaline urine (21%), systemic metabolic acidosis (20%), urinary infections (16%), nephrocalcinosis with urolithiasis (11%), oliguria (8%), urinary tract anomalies, hyperuricosemia and hypermagnesemia (7% each one), hypercalcemia (6%), hyperoxaluria (2%) and hypercystinuria (0.61%).  Conclusions: Hypocitraturia and hypomagnesuria were the most frequent risk factors associated with urolithiasis, followed by hypercalciuria. High PTH values were excluded. Children presented two or more risk factors for urolithiasis.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen:  Introducción: La prevalencia de urolitiasis pediátrica varía de 0.01-0.03%. Las causas de urolitiasis pueden ser anatómicas, metabólicas o ambientales. Las recurrencias varían entre 16 a 67%, y están frecuentemente asociadas con alteraciones metabólicas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue la identificación de factores de riesgo que promueven la urolitiasis en una población infantil.  Métodos: Se incluyeron 162 niños con urolitiasis y función renal normal, cuya edad media fue de 7.5 años. Los factores de riesgo fueron investigados en dos etapas. En la primera, con la muestras de orina de 24 h y sangre, se investigaron parámetros metabólicos e infecciones del tracto urinario. En una segunda etapa se valoró la calciuria, previa restricción seguida de carga de Ca. Los hallazgos fueron analizados estadísticamente.  Resultados: Se presentó urolitiasis en el 0.02% de los niños con historia familiar en el 50%. Se observó hipocitraturia (70%); hipomagnesuria (42%); hipercalciuria (37%; en 11/102 fue por hiperabsorción intestinal; en 13/102 fue inclasificable; no se observó hipercalciuria por resorción o pérdida renal). También se observó orina alcalina (21%); acidosis metabólica sistémica (20%); infecciones urinarias (16%); nefrocalcinosis con urolitiasis (11%); oliguria (8%); anomalías urinarias congénitas, hiperuricosemia e hipermagnesemia (7% cada una); hipercalcemia (6%); hiperoxaluria (2%); e hipercistinuria (0.61%).  Conclusiones: La hipocitraturia e hipomagnesemia fueron los factores de riesgo con mayor frecuencia, seguidos de hipercalciuria. Se excluyeron los valores de hiperparatiroidismo. Los niños exhibieron dos o más factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de urolitiasis.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Hypocitraturia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Hypomagnesuria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Hypercalciuria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pediatric urolithiasis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Systemic metabolic acidosis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Urolithiasis risk factors]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Hipocitraturia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Hipomagnesuria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Hipercalciuria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Urolitiasis pediátrica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Acidosis metabólica sistémica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Factores de riesgo para urolitiasis]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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