<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-0565</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Espiral (Guadalajara)]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Espiral (Guadalaj.)]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-0565</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-05652025000200161</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32870/eees.v32i93.7445</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Tiempos de polarización. Una estrategia de defensa y ataque de la 4T]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Times of polarization. A strategy of defense and attack by the 4T]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aziz Nassif]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>93</numero>
<fpage>161</fpage>
<lpage>186</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-05652025000200161&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-05652025000200161&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-05652025000200161&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: La hipótesis que queremos explorar es la siguiente: a pesar de que la personalidad del presidente de la República es un factor importante para entender sus filias y fobias, las razones de fondo están en la relación entre promesas y resultados, cuya brecha ha crecido, lo cual profundiza la estrategia de polarización y se encuentra en los resultados que se observan en la parte final del sexenio, cuando falta poco para concluir el gobierno. Para eso hacemos una tomografía del país, con algunos cortes en profundidad para ver qué ha pasado entre ofertas iniciales de gobierno y resultados; establecemos una ubicación de temporalidad en donde planteamos preguntas sobre esta dimensión; analizamos tres casos en donde consideramos que ha salido mal la estrategia gubernamental; ejemplificamos dos aspectos de la polarización, uno es en el dilema entre distribución y reconocimiento y el otro es las fallas del Estado para combatir la violencia en contra de la prensa.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: The hypothesis we wish to explore is the following: although the personality of the President of the Republic is an important factor in understanding his likes and dislikes, the underlying reasons lie in the relationship between promises and results, the gap between which has widened. This deepens the polarization strategy and is reflected in the results observed in the final part of the six-year term, as the government draws near the end of its term. To this end, we take a tomography of the country, with some in-depth cuts to see what has happened between the government's initial promises and results. We establish a temporal location where we pose questions about this dimension. We analyze three cases where we believe the government's strategy has gone wrong. We exemplify two aspects of polarization: one is the dilemma between distribution and recognition, and the other is the state's failures to combat violence against the press.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[polarización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[presidencialismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[futuro]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[democracia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[polarization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[presidentialism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[future]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[democracy]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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