<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-0565</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Espiral (Guadalajara)]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Espiral (Guadalaj.)]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-0565</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-05652023000200143</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32870/eees.v30i87.7330</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Competitividad electoral en México 1928-2018]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Electoral competitiveness in Mexico 1928-2018]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinoza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Facultad de Economía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>87</numero>
<fpage>143</fpage>
<lpage>171</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-05652023000200143&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-05652023000200143&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-05652023000200143&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En la presente investigación se estudia el grado de competitividad electoral a nivel presidencial que se ha presentado en México en el periodo 1928-2018,a través de la cuantificación del Índice Herfindahl-Hirschman (HHI), con el fin de analizar los niveles de competitividad en cada una de las elecciones y con ello poder determinar el comportamiento de la misma en el periodo de estudio. Se ha encontrado que los niveles de competitividad se han incrementado a partir de la reforma electoral de 1977; sin embargo, en las últimas elecciones en el país, en 2018, los niveles han disminuido considerablemente, por lo que será importante conocer los resultados estadísticos de lo acontecido en las próximas elecciones en 2024,los cuales podrían permitir retomar la certidumbre de lo acontecido al día de hoy o confirmar la existencia de un problema en la competitividad electoral en el país.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This investigation aims to find the level of electoral competitiveness that has been presented in Mexico in the period 19282018 at the presidential level, through the quantification of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), in order to analyze the levels of competitiveness in each of the elections. It has been found that the levels of competitiveness have increased since the electoral reform of 1977. However, in the last elections in the country, in 2018, the levels have decreased considerably, so it will be important to know the statistical results derived from the next elections in 2024,which could make it possible to renew the certainty or confirm the existence of a problem of electoral competitiveness in the country.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[competitividad electoral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[reforma electoral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[índice Herfindahl-Hirschman]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[electoral competitiveness]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[electoral reform]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Herfindahl-Hirschman Index]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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