<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-7743</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Ingeniería, investigación y tecnología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Ing. invest. y tecnol.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-7743</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Ingeniería]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-77432020000100009</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/fi.25940732e.2020.21n1.009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Sistema de sincronización óptica espacial para comunicaciones ópticas en satélites pequeños operando en órbita baja]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Optical Spatial synchronization system for optical communications on small satellites operating in low-earth orbit]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arvizu-Mondragón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arturo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos-Aguilar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domínguez-Retamoza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Efren Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muraoka-Espiritu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ramón]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nuñez-Alfonso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meza-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jacobo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gutiérrez-Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Celso]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Leyva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Josue Aarón]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af7">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af8">
<institution><![CDATA[,CETYS Universidad Colegio de Ingeniería ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-77432020000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-77432020000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-77432020000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En este trabajo reportamos el desarrollo de un sistema de sincronización óptica espacial para satélites pequeños operando en órbita baja (LEO). Este sistema se requiere para un enlace de comunicaciones ópticas satélite-estación terrena. Como parte fundamental, se diseñó e implementó una montura de precisión gimbal con dos grados de libertad controlada por tornillos de ajuste fino y un algoritmo ad-hoc. Se generó en laboratorio una estrella artificial utilizando una fuente láser, fibra monomodo y un telescopio astronómico. Utilizando dicha estrella es posible, sin lanzar el satélite, certificar el buen desempeño del gimbal respecto al seguimiento de un faro láser artificial en pruebas de laboratorio. Reportamos asimismo la caracterización del desempeño del subsistema Gimbal en enlaces ópticos atmosféricos. Por otro lado, como base para este diseño, se considera que previamente a la adquisición del faro se llevaría a cabo mediante las etapas de RF, GPS y sistema de actitud, los cuales formarían parte de la plataforma del satélite bajo diseño. Así, las efemérides de la trayectoria satelital son parte fundamental en la etapa de apuntamiento, rastreo y seguimiento inicial del sistema. Debido a la complejidad del sistema reportado en este escrito, se requirió la participación de especialistas de diversas instituciones tales como el CICESE, el INAOE, Cetys-Universidad Ensenada y el Observatorio Astronómico Nacional de la UNAM. Los subsistemas reportados en este trabajo se desarrollaron dentro del marco de un proyecto con Fondos de la Agencia Espacial Mexicana.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract In this paper, we report the development of a spatial optical synchronization system required in small satellites operating in low-earth orbit to establish an optical communication link between the satellite and an earth station. As a fundamental part of this system, we designed and implemented a precision gimbal with two degrees of freedom controlled by fine adjustment screws and an ad-hoc algorithm. We generate in the laboratory an artificial star using a laser source, monomode fiber and an astronomical telescope. Before that the satellite be eventually placed in orbit, it is possible to certify the good performance of our gimbal with respect to the tracking of an optical beacon using such artificial star in laboratory tests. We also report the characterization of the performance of our gimbal subsystem in atmospheric optical links. On the other hand, as a basis for this design, we took into account that prior to the acquisition of the optical beacon a coarse tracking process would be carried out through the RF, GPS and attitude system stages, which would be part of the platform of the satellite under design. Thus, the ephemerides of the satellite trajectory are a fundamental part in the process of acquisition, tracking, and initial pointing of the system. Due to the complexity of the system reported in this paper, the participation of specialists from various institutions such as CICESE, INAOE, Cetys Universidad campus Ensenada and the National Astronomic Observatory-UNAM in Ensenada, B.C., Mexico, was required. We developed the subsystems reported in this paper within the framework of a project with funds from the Mexican Space Agency.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Gimbal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[seguimiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[adquisición]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[rastreo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[faro óptico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Gimbal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[acquisition]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[tracking]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pointing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[optical beacon]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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