<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-6666</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de investigación educativa]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[RMIE]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-6666</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Consejo Mexicano de Investigación Educativa A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-66662021000300935</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La universidad chilena en el contexto del capitalismo académico: una interpretación sociohistórica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Chilean University in the Context of Academic Capitalism: A Sociohistorical Interpretation]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Labraña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brunner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Joaquín]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Tarapacá Facultad de Educación y Humanidades Departamento de Educación]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Arica ]]></addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Diego Portales  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>90</numero>
<fpage>935</fpage>
<lpage>957</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-66662021000300935&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-66662021000300935&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-66662021000300935&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar los cambios en el concepto de la universidad en un sistema de educación superior de alto privatismo como el chileno, examinando los debates intelectuales y políticos sobre el rol de estas instituciones desde el periodo de independencia en el siglo XIX hasta el presente. Los resultados muestran que desde una aceptación de su carácter elitista se pasa a la valoración positiva de la expansión de la matrícula por su impacto en la formación de capital humano. El impacto del capitalismo académico ha resultado, así, en el abandono de la comprensión tradicional de la universidad, su reemplazo por la idea de capital humano y el tránsito de un sistema guiado por un modelo único a uno en que compiten diversas descripciones.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The objective of this research is to examine changes in the university concept in a largely private system of higher education, such as that of Chile. The focus of study was the intellectual and political debates held on the role of these institutions, starting at national independence in the 19th century until the present. The results show that an acceptance of universities' elitist nature is transitioning to a positive evaluation of the expansion of enrollment, due to its impact on the formation of human capital. The impact of academic capitalism has therefore led to an abandonment of the traditional conception of universities. It has been replaced by the idea of human capital and the transition from a system guided by a sole model to one in which diverse descriptions compete.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[educación superior]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cambio cultural]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[capital humano]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[higher education]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cultural change]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[human capital]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acosta-Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adrián]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ganga-Contreras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rama-Vitale]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Claudio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gobernanza universitaria: enfoques y alcances conceptuales]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Iberoamericana de Educación Superior]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>33</numero>
<issue>33</issue>
<page-range>3-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allende]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Salvador]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Una educación integrada para el único privilegiado: el niño]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suárez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Videla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Núñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peralta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Perspectivas de estructura y funcionamiento de la educación chilena]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ediciones de la Universidad Técnica del Estado]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amunátegui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amunátegui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gregorio Víctor]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La instrucción primaria en Chile: lo que es, lo que debería ser]]></source>
<year>1856</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Imprenta del Ferrocarril]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arellano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Pablo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El impacto de la globalización en la educación superior chilena: Ministro de Educación de Chile]]></article-title>
<collab>División de Educación Superior del Ministerio de Educación</collab>
<source><![CDATA[El impacto de la globalización en la educación superior]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ministerio de Educación]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Atria]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Derechos sociales y educación]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[LOM]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beerkens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maarja]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Quality assurance in the political context: in the midst of different expectations and conflicting goals]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Quality in Higher Education]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>231-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Address delivered at the inaguration of the University of Chile]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jaksic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Selected writings of Andres Bello: Translated from the Spanish by Frances M. López-Morillas]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernasconi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Follegati]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luna]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Erario público e iniciativa privada. El origen del financiamiento estatal a las universidades particulares en Chile]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Universum]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>15-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adrian]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Uncertainty and the history of ideas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[History and Theory]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>358-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bloom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Allan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The closing of the American mind: How higher education has failed democracy and impoverished the souls of today&#8217;s students]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Simon &amp; Schuster]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Xavier]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Plus ca change &#8230;the world bank global education policy and the post-washington consensus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Studies in Sociology of Education]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>3-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brandmayr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Was ist die soziale Dimension in der Hochschulentwicklung? Ergebnisse einer Analyse hochschulpolitischer Strategiepapiere im österreichischen Hochschulsystem]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Österreichische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brunner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Joaquín]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ideologías universitarias y cambios en la universidad chilena]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Programa FLACSO]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brunner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Joaquín]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Introducción - La dialéctica público/privado entre el medioevo y la globalización]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brunner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El conflicto de las universidades: entre lo público y lo privado]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Universidad Diego Portales]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brunner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Joaquín]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ganga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dinámicas de transformación en la educación superior latinoamericana: desafíos para la gobernanza]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>80</numero>
<issue>80</issue>
<page-range>12-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brunner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Joaquín]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ganga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gobernanza del capitalismo académico: aproximaciones desde Chile]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Venezolana de Gerencia]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>11-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brunner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Joaquín]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Del Canto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Consuelo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gobernanza y control de calidad en una variedad de capitalismo académico de alto privatismo: el caso de Chile]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monarda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prieto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Calidad de la educación superior en Iberoamérica]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<page-range>9-42</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Dykinson]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brunner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Joaquín]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Labraña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julio]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ganga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Ponce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Emilio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Idea moderna de universidad: de la torre de marfil al capitalismo académico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Educación XX1: Revista de la Facultad de Educación]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>22</numero>
<issue>22</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brunner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Joaquín]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ganga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Labraña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Universidad y protesta social: una reflexión desde Chile]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Iberoamericana de Educación Superior]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>32</numero>
<issue>32</issue>
<page-range>3-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brunner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Joaquín]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pedraja Rejas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Liliana]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Labraña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Capitalismo académico: distinciones conceptuales y procesos contradictorios a propósito del caso chileno]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bordón. Revista de Pedagogía]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>72</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>25-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brunner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Joaquín]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Labraña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julio]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Ponce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Emilio]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ganga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Variedades de capitalismo académico: un marco conceptual de análisis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Archivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>35</numero>
<issue>35</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buckner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elizabeth]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The changing discourse on higher education and the nation-state, 1960-2010]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Higher Education]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>473-89</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cabalin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cristian]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The conservative response to the 2011 Chilean student movement: neoliberal education and media]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>485-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cabalin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cristian]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mediatizing higher education policies: discourses about quality education in the media]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Critical Studies in Education]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>224-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Comisión de Estudio de la Educación Superior</collab>
<source><![CDATA[El desarrollo de la educación superior en la década de los noventa: Informe de la Comisión de Estudio de la Educación Superior]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ministerio de Educación]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>CPU</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Las actividades de investigación y desarrollo en Chile. Una visión de la comunidad científica nacional]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Corporación de Promoción Universitaria]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nicolás]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El surgimiento de la educación secundaria pública en Chile. 1843-1876 (El Plan de Estudios Humanista)]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Programa Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Educación]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Decreto con Fuerza de Ley N° 7.500]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Reforma Educacional]]></source>
<year>1927</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago, Chile ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ministerio de Educación]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delanty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gerard]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The idea of the university in the global era: From knowledge as an end to the end of knowledge?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social Epistemology]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>3-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>División de Educación Superior</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Desafíos de la Educación Superior Chilena y Políticas para su Modernización]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago, Chile ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ministerio de Educación]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Encina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nuestra inferioridad económica]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Universitaria]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marion]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Becoming an intellectual&#8217;: how Congolese refugee university-students in Rwanda negotiate ideals, expectations and social positionality]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Globalisation, Societies and Education]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>317-29</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Filippakou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ourania]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The idea of Quality in Higher Education: a conceptual approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>15-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galdames]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Educación económica e intelectual]]></source>
<year>1912</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago, Chile ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Imprenta Universitaria]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galdames]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La gratuidad de la educación]]></source>
<year>1913</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Imprenta, Litografia i Encuadernacion Barcelona]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galdames]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Dos estudios educacionales: 1.- Algunos aspectos de la educación en Norte América. 2.- La reforma de la educación secundaria en 1928]]></source>
<year>1932</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Prensas de la Universidad de Chile]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ganga-Contreras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suárez-Amaya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Wendolin]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calderón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adolfo]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Da Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marco]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hildegard]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Retos a la gobernanza universitaria: acotaciones sobre la cuestión de la autoridad y la profesionalización de la gestión de las universidades]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Fronteiras]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>435-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gárate]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La revolución capitalista de Chile (1973-2003)]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago, Chile ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ediciones Universidad Alberto Hurtado]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geoffroy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Esteban]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estudio del sistema de aseguramiento de la calidad de la educación superior. Un análisis politológico de formulación de política pública]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Enfoques: Ciencia Política y Administración Pública]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>XI</volume>
<numero>19</numero>
<issue>19</issue>
<page-range>139-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giroux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Henry]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Neoliberalism&#8217;s war on higher education]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Haymarket Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gutiérrez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Claudio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El destino de los hijos pobres: Los debates educacionales en la historia de Chile]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Chile]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jaime]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cuestión de principios]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Ercilla]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<page-range>15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jaime]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿Qué hacer ahora en las universidades?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Realidad]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<page-range>9-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jaime]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ingresar o no a la universidad]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Ercilla]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<page-range>12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzman-Concha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[César]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Students&#8217; Rebellion in Chile: Occupy protest or classic social movement?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social Movement Studies]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>3-4</numero>
<issue>3-4</issue>
<page-range>408-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán-Valenzuela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carolina]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Unfolding the meaning of public(s) in universities: toward the transformative university]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Higher Education]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<numero>71</numero>
<issue>71</issue>
<page-range>667-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harrison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Neil]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Challenging discourses of aspiration: The role of expectations and attainment in access to higher education]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[British Educational Research Journal]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>914-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hax]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arnoldo]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ugarte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan José]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Hacia la gran universidad chilena: Un modelo de transformación estratégica]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heneveld]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ward]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Non-western educational traditions: Alternative approaches to educational thought and practice. Timothy Reagan]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Education Review]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>382-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horowitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maryanne]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[New dictionary of the history of ideas]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Charles Scribner&#8217;s Sons]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horrod]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sarah]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Embedded into the core&#8217;: The discursive construction of &#8216;policy&#8217; in higher education learning and teaching documents and its recontextualisation in practices]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Discourse &amp; Society]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>478-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jackson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carolyn]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dempster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Steven]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[I sat back on my computer&#8230; with a bottle of whisky next to me&#8217;: Constructing &#8216;cool&#8217; masculinity through &#8216;effortless&#8217; achievement in secondary and higher education]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Gender Studies]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>341-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jobet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Doctrina y praxis de los educadores representativos chilenos]]></source>
<year>1970</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Andrés Bello]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jocelyn-Holt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alfredo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Escuela tomada]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Taurus]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koselleck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Reinhard]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Social history and conceptual history]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>308-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koselleck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Reinhard]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Historia de los conceptos y conceptos de historia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ayer]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<page-range>27-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Labarca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Amanda]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Historia de la Enseñanza en Chile]]></source>
<year>1939</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Chile]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Labraña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julio]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estado y universidad en Chile: problemas de distinción en torno a su función pública]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pensamiento Educativo. Revista de Investigación Educacional Latinoamericana]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Labraña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julio]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vanderstraeten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Raf]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Functional differentiation and university expansion in Chile]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social and Education History]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>252-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lawton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Denis]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gordon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Peter]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A history of western educational ideas]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Woburn Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Higher education and the state in Latin America: Private challenges to public dominance]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The University of Chicago Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lowry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Todd]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The archaeology of economic ideas: The classical Greek tradition]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Durham ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Duke University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lyotard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jean Francois]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The postmodern condition: A report on knowledge]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Manchester ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Manchester University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marginson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Simon]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The worldwide trend to high participation higher education: Dynamics of social stratification in inclusive systems]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Higher Education]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>72</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>413-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McFarlane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Donovan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The university lost: The meaning of the university (In memoriam: John Milton, John Henry Newman, and Bill Readings)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Interchange]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<page-range>153-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Medina Echavarría]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Filosofía, educación y desarrollo]]></source>
<year>1967</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Siglo XXI]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La cultura y la educación general: Conferencias leídas en la Universidad de Chile en septiembre de 1912]]></source>
<year>1912</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Imprenta Universitaria]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ideales y rumbos de la Educación Nacional]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Educación contemporánea (Ensayos)]]></source>
<year>1914</year>
<page-range>175-218</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Imprenta Universitaria]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mönckeberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Olivia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El negocio de las universidades en Chile]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago, Chile ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Debate]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Isabel]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mendoza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pilar]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Docencia e investigación en Colombia desde la perspectiva del capitalismo académic]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Education Policy Analysis Archives]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>40</numero>
<issue>40</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Núñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Iván]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La ENU entre dos siglos: Ensayo histórico sobre la Escuela Nacional Unificada]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago, Chile ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[LOM]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B72">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olssen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mark]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neoliberalism, higher education and the knowledge economy: from the free market to knowledge capitalism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Education Policy]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>313-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B73">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez Navarro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Camila]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reconstrucción del proceso de elaboración de la Ley Orgánica Constitucional de Enseñanza: actores, proyectos y disputas ideológicas. Chile, 1973-1990]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Espacio, Tiempo y Educación]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>179-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B74">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pineda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pedro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The entrepreneurial research university in Latin America: Global and local models in Chile and Colombia, 1950-2015]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B75">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Growing commonalities and persistent differences in higher education: Universities between global models and national legacies]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meyer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rowan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The new institutionalism in education]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<page-range>123-41</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Albany ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[State University of New York Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B76">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Readings]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bill]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The university in ruins]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B77">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rhoades]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gary]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Slaughter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sheila]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Academic capitalism in the new economy: Challenges and choices]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Academic]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>37-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B78">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rifo Melo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mauricio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Historia de la transformación en la educación superior chilena (1973-1990)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Historia de la Educación Latinoamericana]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>28</numero>
<issue>28</issue>
<page-range>13-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B79">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roncaglia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alessandro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The wealth of ideas: A history of economic thought]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B80">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz Schneider]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[De la república al mercado. Ideas educacionales y política en Chile]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[LOM]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B81">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salazar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leihy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Peodair]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El manual invisible: Tres décadas de políticas de educación superior en Chile (1980-2010)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Archivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>34</numero>
<issue>34</issue>
<page-range>1-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B82">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schmidt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vivien]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Discursive Institutionalism: The explanatory power of ideas and discourse]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annual Review of Political Science]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>303-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B83">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schmidt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vivien]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Theorizing ideas and discourse in political science: intersubjectivity, neo-institutionalisms, and the power of ideas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Critical Review]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>248-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B84">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The mission of the university: Medieval to postmodern transformations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Higher Education]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>77</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-39</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B85">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seidenschnur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tim]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Veiga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Amélia]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jungblut]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jens]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Magalhães]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[António]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hopes, beliefs, and concerns: narratives in German and Portuguese universities regarding Brexit]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Higher Education]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>79</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>867-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B86">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sol]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Universidad y nación: Chile en el siglo XIX]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Universitaria]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B87">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sol]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ponce de León]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Macarena]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rengifo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisca]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Historia de la Educación en Chile (1810-2010)]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>I</volume>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Taurus]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B88">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sigahi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tiago]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saltorato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Patricia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Capitalismo académico en los intersticios de la universidad pública brasileña]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios Sociológicos]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>113</numero>
<issue>113</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B89">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simbürger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elisabeth]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donoso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alina]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Key elements in the naturalisation of neoliberal discourse in higher education in Chile]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>559-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B90">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simbürger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elisabeth]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán-Valenzuela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carolina]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Framing educational policy discourse in neoliberal contexts: debates around the public university in a Chilean newspaper]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Higher Education Policy and Management]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<page-range>1-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B91">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mala]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The place of social justice in higher education and social change discourses]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>481-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B92">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Slaughter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sheila]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leslie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Larry]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Academic capitalism: Politics, policies, and the entrepreneurial university]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baltimore ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Johns Hopkins University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B93">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Slaughter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sheila]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leslie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Larry]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Expanding and elaborating the concept of academic capitalism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Organization]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>154-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B94">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Slaughter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sheila]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rhoades]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gary]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Academic capitalism and the new economy: Markets, state, and higher education]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Maryland ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Johns Hopkins University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B95">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smolentseva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anna]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Where Soviet and neoliberal discourses meet: The transformation of the purposes of higher education in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Higher Education]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1091-108</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B96">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steinbicker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jochen]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Zur Theorie der Informationsgesellschaft: Ein Vergleich der Ansätze von Peter Drucker, Daniel Bell und Manuel Castells]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Wiesbaden ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[VS Verl]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B97">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Amy]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reeves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Todd]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Class, capital, and competing academic discourse: A critical analysis of the mission/s of American higher education]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>116-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B98">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stichweh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rudolf]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lebensführung, studentische: Bildung oder Humankapital?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horst]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J-C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bologna-Bestiarium]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<page-range>177-83</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Zürich ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Diaphanes]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B99">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tapia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La respuesta chilena]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ministerio de Educación]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B100">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tome]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christopher]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¡No al lucro!&#8230; from protest catch cry to presidential policy: is this the beginning of the Chilean neoliberal model of education?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Educational Administration and History]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>193-208</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B101">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Emilio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Acreditación institucional y la mirada de los actores: Un estudio cualitativo en universidades privadas de Santiago]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios Pedagógicos]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>221-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B102">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Martin]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Problems in the transition from elite to mass higher education]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[California ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Carnegie Commission on Higher Education]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B103">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valdez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paolo]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kate]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The representation of internationalization in higher education in the Philippines: The case of the university newsletter]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>125-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B104">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vingaard Johansen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ulrik]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knudsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Frederik]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Engelbrecht Kristoffersen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christian]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stellfeld Rasmussen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joakim]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saaby Steffen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Emil]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sund]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kristian J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Political discourse on higher education in Denmark: from enlightened citizen to homo economicus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Studies in Higher Education]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>264-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B105">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williamson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edwin]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Penguin History of Latin America]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Penguin Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B106">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yingqiang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Zhang]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yongjian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Su]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Quality assurance in higher education: reflection, criticism, and change]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Chinese Education &amp; Society]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>1-2</numero>
<issue>1-2</issue>
<page-range>7-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
