<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-5546</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Computación y Sistemas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Comp. y Sist.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-5546</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Computación]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-55462025000100135</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.13053/cys-29-1-5537</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Detection of Depression Using Depression Indicators]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrios González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Erick]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tovar Vidal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mireya]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Contreras González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Meliza]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Facultad de Ciencias de la Computación ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>135</fpage>
<lpage>143</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-55462025000100135&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-55462025000100135&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-55462025000100135&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: This article addresses Task &#8221;2a&#8221; of the MentalRiskES 2023 competition, which focuses on detecting depression in Telegram texts. The approach involves creating eight specialized corpora based on the PHQ-9 questionnaire to fine-tune pre-trained BERT models for identifying signs of depression in messages. Each corpus is designed to represent the different indicators of the PHQ-9 questionnaire, using three classes: positive (texts that reflect an indicator), negative (texts opposing the indicator), and neutral (texts unrelated to the indicator). These classes allow for the creation of clear and representative examples of texts associated with each indicator. The pre-trained BERT models, specialized for each indicator, evaluate the texts of each Telegram user to generate a vector that will feed into a multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network for final classification. The results achieved a macro-F1 score of 0.77 with proposed model Ind-bert-base-spanish, surpassing the best result in the competition by 5 %. This performance highlights the effectiveness of combining advanced natural language processing techniques, such as BERT models and MLP networks, to address mental health challenges in digital communication.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Depression detection]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[BERT]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[PHQ-9]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aragon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parapar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Losada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Delving into the depths: Evaluating depression severity through BDI-biased summaries]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 9th Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>12-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cañete]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chaperon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fuentes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Spanish pre-trained BERT model and evaluation data]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Probabilistic Machine Learning for Developing Countries and International Conference on Learning Representations]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>1-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández-Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno-Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Viosca-Ros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Enrique-Guillén]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cruz-Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez-Zafra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[TextualTherapists at MentalRiskES-IberLEF2023: Early detection of depression using a user-level feature-based machine learning approach]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>3496</volume>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Iberian Languages Evaluation Forum and the Conference of the Spanish Society for Natural Language Processing]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>1-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goyal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Du]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joshi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lewis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zettlemoyer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stoyanov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ International Conference on Learning Representations]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>1-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lynch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jensen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zamponi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O-Brien]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frydenlund]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A structured narrative prompt for prompting narratives from large language models: Sentiment assessment of ChatGPT-generated narratives and real tweets]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Future Internet]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>375</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mármol-Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno-Muñoz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Plaza-del-Arco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molina-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martín-Valdivia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ureña-López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montejo-Ráez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Overview of MentalRiskES at IberLEF 2023: Early detection of mental disorders risk in Spanish]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>71</volume>
<page-range>329-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>OpenAI</collab>
<source><![CDATA[ChatGPT]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valencia-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[UMUTeam at MentalRiskES2023@IberLEF: Transformer and ensemble learning models for early detection of eating disorders and depression]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>3496</volume>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Iberian Languages Evaluation and The Conference of the Spanish Society for Natural Language Processing]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>1-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parapar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martín-Rodilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Losada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crestani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Overview of eRisk 2023: Early risk prediction on the internet]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<page-range>294-315</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raj-Shekhar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gupta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sentimental analysis of social media data for mental health monitoring]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 2nd International Conference on Futuristic Technologies]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>1-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thompson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Errecalde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Early detection of depression and eating disorders in Spanish: UNSL at MentalRiskES 2023]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Center for European Union Research Workshop]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>1-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tlelo-Coyotecatl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Escalante]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montes-y-Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Depression recognition in social media based on symptoms&#8217; detection]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<numero>68</numero>
<issue>68</issue>
<page-range>25-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zaman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferdous]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akhter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tagore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahmudun-Nabi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akkas-Ali]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[DARN: Dual-attention RoBERTa network for depression severity detection from twitter]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 26th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>1-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alhuzali]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ananiadou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[PHQ-aware depressive symptoms identification with similarity contrastive learning on social media]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Information Processing and Management]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>103417</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
