<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-5546</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Computación y Sistemas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Comp. y Sist.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-5546</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Computación]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-55462025000100043</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.13053/cys-29-1-5529</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Impact of Altered Oxygen Level on the Growth Dynamics of Hanging Tumor]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salas-Tlapaya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alex Saul]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anabel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz-Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Raquel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Altamirano-Robles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leopoldo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Puebla ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>43</fpage>
<lpage>52</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-55462025000100043&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-55462025000100043&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-55462025000100043&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Cancer immunotherapy approaches are based on the interaction between cancer cells (CC) and immune cells in a microenvironment that determines the survival of one or the other cell type. Within this context, macrophages play a critical role, as they can directly destroy CCs by processes such as phagocytosis. Additionally, hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment is crucial, as altered oxygen levels can induce CC necrosis. Performing these studies in vitro presents temporal limitations, highlighting the relevance of computational simulations. This study explores how variations in oxygen levels affect tumor growth in an immunotherapy model using the PhysiCell simulation environment. We systematically modified oxygen (   O 2) levels and observed their impact on CC proliferation over 25 days. The results reveal distinctive growth patterns: model    y 1 showed an initial progressive growth until day 13, followed by a marked decrease due to the activation of immune responses with a medium oxygen level. Model    y 2, with a 2 % increase in oxygen, exhibited more rapid and sustained growth, indicating increased tumor resistance. The model    y 3, with a 1 % decrease in oxygen, also showed an increase in tumor growth but with distinct peaks at approximately day 14. The correlation coefficients between    y 1 and    y 2 (0.926),    y 1 and    y 3 (0.921), and finally,    y 2 and    y 3 (0.994) support the consistency and interdependence between the models, suggesting that modifications in one factor will similarly affect the other models. This study underscores the importance of oxygen in tumor growth dynamics and how its manipulation may be key to developing more effective immunotherapy strategies for cancer treatment, saving valuable time through computational simulations.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Immunotherapy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[simulation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hypoxia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cancer]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[macrophages]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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