<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-5546</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Computación y Sistemas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Comp. y Sist.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-5546</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Computación]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-55462023000200379</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.13053/cys-27-2-4281</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Evaluation of Stacked Embeddings for Arabic Word Sense Disambiguation]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laatar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rim]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aloulou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Chafik]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Belguith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lamia Hadrich]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Université de Sfax  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Tunisia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>379</fpage>
<lpage>388</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-55462023000200379&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-55462023000200379&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-55462023000200379&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) aims to determine the correct meaning of words that can have multiple interpretations. Recently, contextualized word embeddings, whose goal is to give different representations of the same word in diverse contexts, have been shown to have a tremendous impact on several natural language processing tasks including question answering, semantic analysis and even word sense disambiguation. This paper reports on experiments with different stacks of word embeddings and evaluation of their usefulness for Arabic word sense disambiguation. Word embeddings stay in the core of the development of NLP, with multiple key language models being created over the last two years like FastText, ElMo, BERT and Flair. It&#8217;s worth pointing out that the Arabic language can be divided into three major historical periods: old Arabic, middle-age Arabic, and Modern Arabic. Actually, contemporary Arabic has proved to be the greatest concern of many researchers. The main gist of our work is to disambiguate Arabic words according to the historical period in which they appeared. To perform the WSD task, we suggest a method that deploys stacked embeddings models. The experimental evaluation demonstrates that stacked embeddings outperforms the previously proposed methods for Arabic WSD.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Arabic language]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[historical dictionary]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[modern standard Arabic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[old Arabic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[middle age Arabic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[contextualized embeddings]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[stacked embeddings]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abdul-Mageed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elmadany]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nagoudi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. M. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[ARBERT and marbert: Deep bidirectional transformers for arabic]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akbik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bergmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blythe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rasul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schweter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vollgraf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[FLAIR: An easy-to-use framework for state-of-the-art NLP]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>2019</conf-date>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>54-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akbik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blythe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vollgraf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Contextual string embeddings for sequence labeling]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>1638-49</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Hajj]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jarrar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[LU-BZU at SemEval-2021 task 2: Word2vec and lemma2vec performance in arabic word-in-context disambiguation]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 15th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>748-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Said]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Medea-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The historical arabic dictionary corpus and its suitability for a grammaticalization approach]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 5th International Conference in Linguistics]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Awajan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Kouz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Arabic word sense disambiguation using wikipedia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Computing and Information Sciences]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>61-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alkhatlan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kalita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alhaddad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Word sense disambiguation for arabic exploiting arabic WordNet and word embedding]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>142</volume>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ The 4th International Conference on Arabic Computational Linguistics]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>50-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Antoun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hajj]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[AraBERT: Transformer-based model for Arabic language understanding]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 4th Workshop on Open-Source Arabic Corpora and Processing Tools, with a Shared Task on Offensive Language Detection]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>9-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Batita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zrigui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The extended Arabic WordNet: A case study and an evaluation using a word sense disambiguation system]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 10th Global Wordnet Conference]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>46-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bojanowski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grave]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joulin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[and Tomas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mikolov]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Enriching word vectors with subword information]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistic (TACL)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Devlin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toutanova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El-Razzaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fakhr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maghraby]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Arabic gloss WSD using BERT]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Applied Sciences]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>2567</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ElJundi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Antoun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Droubi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hajj]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El-Hajj]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shaban]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[hULMonA: The universal language model in arabic]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop, Association for Computational Linguistics]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hofmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pierrehumbert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schütze]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Dynamic contextualized word embeddings]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laatar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aloulou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Belghuith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Word embedding for arabic word sense disambiguation to create a historical dictionary for arabic language]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 8th International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laatar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aloulou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Belguith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Disambiguating arabic words according to their historical appearance in the document based on recurrent neural networks]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laatar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aloulou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Belguith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Towards a historical dictionary for Arabic language]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Speech Technology]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>29-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goodman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gimpel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sharma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soricut]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[ALBERT: A lite BERT for self-supervised learning of language representations]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lesk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Automatic sense disambiguation using machine readable dictionaries]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 5th Annual International Conference on Systems Documentation]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goyal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Du]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joshi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lewis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zettlemoyer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stoyanov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mekki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahdaouy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berrada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khoumsi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Domain adaptation for arabic cross-domain and cross-dialect sentiment analysis from contextualized word embedding]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>2021</conf-date>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>2824-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mikolov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corrado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dean]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ International Conference on Learning Representations]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pennington]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Socher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manning]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Glove: Global vectors for word representation]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>2014</conf-date>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>1532-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neumann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iyyer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gardner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clark]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zettlemoyer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Deep contextualized word representations]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ashour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[OSAC: Open source arabic corpora]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ International Conference on Electrical and Computer Systems]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saeidi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zeh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Contextualized knowledge base sense embeddings in word sense disambiguation]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>174-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scarlini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pasini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Navigli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[SensEmBERT: Context-enhanced sense embeddings for multilingual word sense disambiguation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>8758-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shashavali]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vishwjeet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mathur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nihal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mukherjee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sentence similarity techniques for short vs variable length text using word embeddings]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Computación y Sistemas]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>999-1004</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ju]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caufield]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shih]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. Y. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ping]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinical named entity recognition using contextualized token representations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Computing Research Repository]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
