<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-5546</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Computación y Sistemas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Comp. y Sist.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-5546</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Computación]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-55462018000100119</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.13053/cys-22-1-2778</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Automatic Theorem Proving for Natural Logic: A Case Study on Textual Entailment]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lavalle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jesús]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Héctor]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villaseñor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beltrán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Beatriz]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Insituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica Coordinación de Ciencias Computacionales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Santa María Tonanzintla ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Facultad de Ciencias de la Computación ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Puebla ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana División de Ciencias de la Comunicación y Diseño Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>119</fpage>
<lpage>135</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-55462018000100119&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-55462018000100119&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-55462018000100119&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE) is a Natural Language Processing task. It is very important in tasks as Semantic Search and Text Summarization. There are many approaches to RTE, for example, methods based on machine learning, linear programming, probabilistic calculus, optimization, and logic. Unfortunately, no one of them can explain why the entailment is carried on. We can make reasonings, with Natural Logic, from the syntactic part of a natural language expression, and very little semantic information. This paper presents an Automatic Theorem Prover for Natural Logic that allows to know precisely the relationships needed in order to reach the entailment in a class of natural language expressions.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Textual entailment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[automatic theorem proving]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[natural logic]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ajdukiewicz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Syntactic connexion (1936)]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giedymin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Scientific World-Perspective and Other Essays, 1931-1963]]></source>
<year>1978</year>
<page-range>118-39</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Dordrecht ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer Netherlands]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akhmatova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Textual entailment resolution via atomic propositions]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ First PASCAL Challenges Workshop on Recognizing Textual Entailment]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Categorial grammars as theories of language]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oehrle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wheeler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Categorial Grammars and Natural Language Structures]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<page-range>17-34</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Dordrecht ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer Netherlands]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Markert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Recognising textual entailment with robust logical inference]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[MLCW 2005]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>LNAI 3944</volume>
<page-range>404-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Markert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[When logical inference helps determining textual entailment (and when it doesn&#8217;t)]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Second Challenge Workshop, Recognizing Textual Entailment, Pascal]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clark]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Curran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Parsing the wsj using ccg and log-linear models]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 42Nd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Stroudsburg, PA, USA </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dagan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sammons]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zanzotto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Recognizing Textual Entailment: Models and Applications]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Morgan &amp; Claypool Publishers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dowty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The role of negative polarity and concord marking in natural language reasoning]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 4th. Conference on Semantics and Theoretical Linguistics]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Rochester, NY </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hodges]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clark]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fowler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moldovan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Applying COGEX to recognize textual entailment]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quiñonero-Candela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dagan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Magnini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[d&#8217;Alché Buc]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Machine Learning Challenges. Evaluating Predictive Uncertainty, Visual Object Classification, and Recognising Tectual Entailment]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>3944</volume>
<page-range>427-48</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer Berlin Heidelberg]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Icard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thomas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Recent progress on monotonicity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Perspectives on Semantic Representations for Textual Inference]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>167-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karttunen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[From natural logic to natural reasoning]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gelbukh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>9041</volume>
<page-range>295-309</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer International Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MacCartney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Natural Language Inference]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Stanford University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MacCartney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manning]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Natural logic for textual inference]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ ACL-PASCAL Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Prague </conf-loc>
<page-range>193-200</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Retoré]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Logic of Categorial Grammars, A Deductive Account of Natural Language Syntax and Semantics]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Navigli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ponzetto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[BabelNet: The automatic construction, evaluation and application of a wide-coverage multilingual semantic network]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Artificial Intelligence]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>193</volume>
<page-range>217-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Princeton University</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Princeton University &#8221;About WordNet&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manning]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Robust textual inference via learning and abductive reasoning]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Veloso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kambhampati]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[AAAI]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<page-range>1099-105</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[AAAI Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Valencia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Studies on Natural Logic and Categorial Grammar]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universiteit van Amsterdam]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steedman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baldridge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Combinatory categorial grammar]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borsley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borjars]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Non-Transformational Syntax: Formal and Explicit Models of Grammar]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley-Blackwell]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Benthem]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Essays in Logical Semantics]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Dordrecht ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Reidel]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Benthem]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Language in Action: Categories, Lambdas, and Dynamic Logic]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>130</volume>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Amsterdam ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Benthem]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A brief history of natural logic]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
