<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-5546</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Computación y Sistemas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Comp. y Sist.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-5546</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Computación]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-55462013000200005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Inference and Reconciliation in a Crowdsourced Lexical-Semantic Network]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Inferencia y reconciliación en la red léxica y semántica basada en la técnica crowdsourced]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zarrouk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lafourcade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mathieu]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joubert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alain]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Le Laboratoire d&#8217;Informatique, de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Montpellier ]]></addr-line>
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Le Laboratoire d&#8217;Informatique, de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Montpellier ]]></addr-line>
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Le Laboratoire d&#8217;Informatique, de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Montpellier ]]></addr-line>
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>147</fpage>
<lpage>159</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-55462013000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-55462013000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-55462013000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Lexical-semantic network construction and validation is a major issue in NLP. No matter the construction strategies used, automatically inferring new relations from already existing ones is a way to improve the global quality of the resource by densifying the network. In this context, the purpose of an inference engine is to formulate new conclusions (i.e. relations between terms) from already existing premises (also relations) on the network. In this paper we devise an inference engine for the JeuxDeMots lexical network which contains terms and typed relations between terms. In the JeuxDeMots project, the lexical network is constructed with the help of a game with a purpose and thousands of players. Polysemous terms may be refined in several senses (bank may be a bank-financial institution or a bank-river) but as the network is indefinitely under construction (in the context of a Never Ending Learning approach) some senses may be missing. The approach we propose is based on the triangulation method implementing semantic transitivity with a blocking mechanism for avoiding proposing dubious new relations. Inferred relations are proposed to contributors to be validated. In case of invalidation, a reconciliation strategy is undertaken to identify the cause of the wrong inference: an exception, an error in the premises or a transitivity confusion due to polysemy with the identification of the proper word senses at stake.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Construcción y validación de una red léxica y semántica es un reto en el procesamiento de lenguaje natural. Para todas las estrategias usadas de construcción, un método de mejorar la calidad general del recurso es la inferencia automática de relaciones nuevas a partir de las existentes, lo cual resulta en el aumento de la densidad de la red. En este contexto un motor de inferencia tiene el objetivo de deducir las conclusiones nuevas, es decir, relaciones entre términos, a partir de las premisas existentes (también relaciones) en la red. En este artículo se diseña un motor de inferencia para la red léxica JeuxDeMots, la cual contiene términos y relaciones definidas entre términos. En el proyecto JeuxDeMots la red léxica se construye mediante un juego con propósito y miles de jugadores. Términos polisémicos pueden ser refinados en varios significados (un banco puede ser una institución financiara y una mueble) pero como la red se está construyendo de manera infinita (en el contexto del enfoque "Aprendizaje que Nunca Termina"), algunos significados pueden faltar. El enfoque propuesto se basa en el método de triangulación implementando la transitividad semántica con el mecanismo de bloqueo para evitar las propuestas de relaciones nuevas dudosas. Las relaciones inferidas se proponen a los contribuyentes para validarlas. En el proceso de validación se puede emplear la estrategia de reconciliación con el fin de identificar la causa de una inferencia incorrecta: una excepción, un error en las premisas o una confusión de transitividad por la polisemia cuando es necesario identificar los significados apropiados de palabras.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Inference]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[reconciliation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[lexical networks]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Inferencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[reconciliación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[redes léxicas]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Art&iacute;culos</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Inference and Reconciliation in a Crowdsourced Lexical&#45;Semantic Network</b></font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="3"><b>Inferencia y reconciliaci&oacute;n en la red l&eacute;xica y sem&aacute;ntica basada en la t&eacute;cnica crowdsourced</b></font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Manel Zarrouk<sup>1</sup>, Mathieu Lafourcade<sup>2</sup>, and Alain Joubert<sup>3</sup></b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup><i>1</i></sup> <i>LIRMM, Montpellier, 161, rue Ada, 34392 Montpellier Cedex, France</i> <a href="mailto:manel.zarrouk@lirmm.fr">manel.zarrouk@lirmm.fr</a></font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup><i>2</i></sup> <i>LIRMM, Montpellier, 161, rue Ada, 34392 Montpellier Cedex, France</i> <a href="mailto:lafourcade@lirmm.fr">lafourcade@lirmm.fr</a></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup><i>3</i></sup> <i>LIRMM, Montpellier, 161, rue Ada, 34392 Montpellier Cedex, France</i> <a href="mailto:joubert@lirmm.fr">joubert@lirmm.fr</a></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Article received on 18/12/2012    <br> 	Accepted on 11/01/2013.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Lexical&#45;semantic network construction and validation is a major issue in NLP. No matter the construction strategies used, automatically inferring new relations from already existing ones is a way to improve the global quality of the resource by densifying the network. In this context, the purpose of an inference engine is to formulate new conclusions (i.e. relations between terms) from already existing premises (also relations) on the network. In this paper we devise an inference engine for the JeuxDeMots lexical network which contains terms and typed relations between terms. In the JeuxDeMots project, the lexical network is constructed with the help of a <i>game with a purpose</i> and thousands of players. Polysemous terms may be refined in several senses (bank may be a bank&#45;financial institution or a bank&#45;river) but as the network is indefinitely under construction (in the context of a Never Ending Learning approach) some senses may be missing. The approach we propose is based on the triangulation method implementing semantic transitivity with a blocking mechanism for avoiding proposing dubious new relations. Inferred relations are proposed to contributors to be validated. In case of invalidation, a reconciliation strategy is undertaken to identify the cause of the wrong inference: an exception, an error in the premises or a transitivity confusion due to polysemy with the identification of the proper word senses at stake.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords:</b> Inference, reconciliation, lexical networks.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Construcci&oacute;n y validaci&oacute;n de una red l&eacute;xica y sem&aacute;ntica es un reto en el procesamiento de lenguaje natural. Para todas las estrategias usadas de construcci&oacute;n, un m&eacute;todo de mejorar la calidad general del recurso es la inferencia autom&aacute;tica de relaciones nuevas a partir de las existentes, lo cual resulta en el aumento de la densidad de la red. En este contexto un motor de inferencia tiene el objetivo de deducir las conclusiones nuevas, es decir, relaciones entre t&eacute;rminos, a partir de las premisas existentes (tambi&eacute;n relaciones) en la red. En este art&iacute;culo se dise&ntilde;a un motor de inferencia para la red l&eacute;xica JeuxDeMots, la cual contiene t&eacute;rminos y relaciones definidas entre t&eacute;rminos. En el proyecto JeuxDeMots la red l&eacute;xica se construye mediante un juego con prop&oacute;sito y miles de jugadores. T&eacute;rminos polis&eacute;micos pueden ser refinados en varios significados (un banco puede ser una instituci&oacute;n financiara y una mueble) pero como la red se est&aacute; construyendo de manera infinita (en el contexto del enfoque "Aprendizaje que Nunca Termina"), algunos significados pueden faltar. El enfoque propuesto se basa en el m&eacute;todo de triangulaci&oacute;n implementando la transitividad sem&aacute;ntica con el mecanismo de bloqueo para evitar las propuestas de relaciones nuevas dudosas. Las relaciones inferidas se proponen a los contribuyentes para validarlas. En el proceso de validaci&oacute;n se puede emplear la estrategia de reconciliaci&oacute;n con el fin de identificar la causa de una inferencia incorrecta: una excepci&oacute;n, un error en las premisas o una confusi&oacute;n de transitividad por la polisemia cuando es necesario identificar los significados apropiados de palabras.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave:</b> Inferencia, reconciliaci&oacute;n, redes l&eacute;xicas.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/cys/v17n2/v17n2a5.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>1. Dong, Z. &amp; Dong, Q. 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