<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-3322</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Bol. Soc. Geol. Mex]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-3322</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Geológica Mexicana A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-33222025000200007</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18268/bsgm2025v77n2a030625</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The history of hydrocarbon exploration in Panama]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La historia de la exploración de hidrocarburos en Panamá]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Redwood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Steward D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Consulting Economic Geologist  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Panama]]></addr-line>
<country>Panama</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>77</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-33222025000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-33222025000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-33222025000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT This article presents the history of hydrocarbon exploration in Panama and the scientific contribution that it made to the geological knowledge of Panama. The thirteen sedimentary basins-eight of which have been drilled, though only three in significant detail-include forearc, foreland, interarc, and backarc basins of late Cretaceous to Cenozoic age, associated with the Panama volcanic arc. Additionally, strike-slip pull-apart basins have formed as a result of the collision between the Panama Arc and the Northern Andes Block of the South American Plate since the Miocene. Panama has had more than one century of oil and gas exploration since 1912 but has never had any commercial production, and there are no established, economically recoverable reserves. Exploration originally targeted natural oil seeps. Hydrocarbon exploration took place in five stages: 1) an initial period of onshore exploration (1912-1928); 2) post-World War Two revival in onshore exploration (1945-1949); 3) an onshore exploration peak (1953-1962); 4) offshore shallow water exploration (1969-1991); and 5) recent offshore shallow water exploration, but with no drilling (2001- 2017). Thirteen wells discovered oil and/ or gas shows out of a total of 36 wells that were drilled between 1919 and 1989. The majority of the wells were drilled onshore. Eight wells were drilled offshore in shallow water, comprising five in the Gulf of Panama and three in the Caribbean and Bocas del Toro. Exploration was driven by the global economy and oil price, advances in exploration and drilling technology, and hydrocarbon legislation.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Este artículo presenta la historia de la exploración de hidrocarburos en Panamá y el aporte científico que hizo al mapa geológico y al conocimiento de Panamá. Las trece cuencas sedimentarias -ocho de las cuales han sido perforadas, aunque solo tres con detalle- incluyen cuencas de antearco, antepaís, interarco y trasarco, de edad Cretácico tardío a Cenozoico, relacionadas con el arco volcánico de Panamá. Asimismo, se identifican cuencas de desgarre de rumbo asociadas a la colisión del arco de Panamá con el Bloque Andino del Norte de la Placa Sudamericana, ocurrida desde el Mioceno. Panamá ha tenido más de un siglo de exploración de petróleo y gas desde 1912, pero nunca ha tenido ninguna producción comercial y no hay reservas establecidas y económicamente recuperables. La exploración inicial se enfocó en los derrames naturales de petróleo. La exploración de hidrocarburos se llevó a cabo en cinco etapas: 1) un período inicial de exploración en tierra (1912-1928); 2) un resurgimiento de la exploración en tierra después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial (1945-1949); 3) un pico de exploración en tierra (1953- 1962); 4) exploración en aguas someras en alta mar (1969-1991); y 5) exploración reciente en aguas someras en alta mar, pero sin perforación (2001-2017). Trece pozos descubrieron indicios de petróleo y/o gas de un total de 36 pozos que se perforaron entre 1919 y 1989. La mayoría de los pozos se perforaron en tierra. Ocho pozos se perforaron en altamar, en aguas someras, que comprenden cinco en el golfo de Panamá y tres en el Caribe y Bocas del Toro. Las etapas de exploración fueron motivadas por la economía global y el precio del petróleo, avances en la tecnología de exploración y perforación, y la legislación de hidrocarburos.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Panama]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hydrocarbon exploration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[oil and gas shows]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[exploration history]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[oil wells]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Panamá]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[exploración de hidrocarburos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[indicios de petróleo y gas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[historia de exploración]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pozos petrolíferos.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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