<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-3322</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Bol. Soc. Geol. Mex]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-3322</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Geológica Mexicana A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-33222022000300002</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18268/bsgm2022v74n3a040422</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Identification of materials used for earthwork construction: the semi-circular fortification rampart of Hedeby, Northern Germany]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Identificación de materiales de terraplenado: la muralla de fortificación semicircular de Hedeby, norte de Alemania]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kurgaeva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anastasiia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khamnueva-Wendt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Svetlana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bork]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hans-Rudolf]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Tyumen State University Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tyumen ]]></addr-line>
<country>Russia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel Institute for Ecosystem Research ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Kiel ]]></addr-line>
<country>Germany</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>74</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-33222022000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-33222022000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-33222022000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT The protected status of archaeological sites requires using minimally invasive methods of material investigation such as coring. In contrast to excavations, the coring method does not present a complete view of the inner structure, and the limited amount of material in cores represents a small portion of the study object. This complicates the interpretation of material genesis. This problem is particularly relevant for complex structures such as earthworks. Nonetheless, the proper interpretation of the construction materials in earthworks is crucial for geoarchaeological investigations of the anthropogenic transformation of landscapes. We proposed a method for classifying and identifying the earthwork materials, sampled by the coring technique. It was developed using an example of the semi-circular fortification rampart around the former Viking settlement Hedeby, which was an important early medieval international trading center and today is a UNESCO world heritage site. Materials from the coring transect across the semi-circular rampart were described. The physicochemical properties of 139 samples from three cores were determined: grain size distribution, weight percentages of gravel, artefacts, bones, and charcoal, loss on ignition, magnetic susceptibility, and element concentrations. The statistical methods (normalization, correlation, standardization, principal component analysis, cluster analysis) were applied to distinguish and group materials according to their physicochemical properties. The resulting clusters were used as a basis for material classification. Some clusters were mildly transformed according to the morphological properties of the material. Consequently, 20 groups were distinguished based on the physicochemical and morphological properties of the material. The rampart was constructed from soil horizons, cultural deposits, and Pleistocene material, which were used in different proportions along the investigated transect. In addition, the constituents of mixed layers were identified. Overall, the presented method for the statistical classification of the material considerably facilitates and objectifies the identification of material genesis. This is particularly valuable in tackling the challenges of coring-based investigations of earthworks.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN La protección de los sitios arqueológicos se requiere de métodos mínimamente invasivos, como la extracción de muestras, durante los procesos de investigación de materiales. A diferencia de la visión obtenida en las excavaciones arqueológicas extensivas, los sondeos aportan un punto de vista parcial ya que únicamente son representativos de una parte pequeña del material y objeto de estudio. Esto complica la interpretación de la génesis material. El problema es especialmente significativo cuando se trata de estructuras complejas como las construcciones en tierra. Sin embargo, una interpretación adecuada de los materiales constructivos en tierra es determinante en cualquier tipo de investigación geoarqueológica relacionada con la transformación antrópica de los paisajes. Para la clasificación e identificación de los materiales se propuso un método siguiendo la técnica de extracción de núcleos. Esta fue aplicada en una zona de la muralla de fortificación alrededor del antiguo asentamiento vikingo de Hedeby, un importante centro de comercio internacional y hoy en día Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO. Se describieron los materiales del transecto de núcleos extraídos a través de la muralla. Se determinaron las propiedades fisicoquímicas de 139 muestras de tres núcleos: distribución del tamaño de grano; porcentajes en peso de gravas, artefactos, huesos y carbón; pérdida por ignición, susceptibilidad magnética y concentración de elementos. Se aplicaron métodos estadísticos (normalización, correlación, estandarización, análisis de componentes principales, análisis de conglomerados) para distinguir y agrupar materiales según sus propiedades fisicoquímicas. Los grupos resultantes se utilizaron como base para la clasificación de materiales; algunos grupos se transformaron levemente de acuerdo con las propiedades morfológicas. En consecuencia, se distinguieron 20 grupos en función de las propiedades fisicoquímicas y morfológicas del material. La muralla fue construida a partir de horizontes de suelo, depósitos culturales, materiales del Pleistoceno, que se utilizaron en diferentes proporciones a lo largo del transecto investigado. Además, se identificaron los constituyentes de las capas mixtas. En general, el método para la clasificación estadística del material facilita considerable y objetivamente la identificación de la génesis del material, lo que es valioso para abordar los desafíos en las investigaciones de arquitectura de tierra basadas en la extracción de núcleos.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[material classification]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[earthwork]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Hedeby]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[physicochemical analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[multivariate statistics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[clasificación de materiales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[arquitectura de tierra]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Hedeby]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[análisis fisicoquímico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[estadística multivariada]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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